日语：はたしはぁなたをぁぃします
汉语：我爱你
英语：i love you ！
法语：je t'aime / je t'adore !
德语：ich liebe dich!
俄语：ya vas iyublyu,ya tibia lyublyu !
朝鲜语：tangshin-i cho-a-yo!
意大利语：ti amo,ti vogliobene !
西班牙语：te amo,tequiero !
葡萄牙语：eu amo-te !
荷兰语：ik hou van jou !
比利时佛兰芒语：ik zie u graag !
波兰语：kocham cie,ja cie kocham !
希腊语：s'agapo !
匈牙利语：szeretlek !
爱沙尼亚：mina armastan sind !
芬兰语：min rakastan sinua !
拉丁语：te amo,vos amo !
拉托维亚语：es tevi milu !
马其顿语：te sakam !
马耳他语：inhobbok !
亚美尼亚语：yes kezi seeroom yem !
保加利亚语：ahs te obicham !
克罗地亚语：volim te !
罗马尼亚语：te iu besc,te ador !
捷克语：miluji te !
丹麦语：jeg elsker dig !
冰岛语：e'g elska tig !
阿尔巴尼亚语：t dua shume !
塞尔维亚语：volim te !
斯洛文尼亚语：ljubim te !
以色列犹太语：ani ohev otach!
瑞典语：jag lskar dig!
土耳其语：seni seviyorum !
乌克兰语：ja vas kokhaju !
孟加拉语：ami tomay bhalobashi !
缅甸语：chit pa de !
柬埔寨语：bong salang oun !
菲律宾语：mahal kita,iniibig kita !
北印度语：main tumse pyar karta hoon !
印尼语：saja kasih saudari !
马来语：saya cinta mu !
蒙古语：bi chamd hairtai !
波斯语：tora dost daram !
阿拉伯语：ana ahebak(女生至男生) / arabic ana ahebek(男生至女生)
南亚泰米尔语：tamil n'an unnaik kathalikkinren !
泰语：ch'an rak khun !
巴基斯坦乌尔都语：mein tumhay pyar karti hun(女生至男生) / mein tumhay pyar karta hun(男生至女生)
越南语：em ye'u anh(女生至男生) / anh ye'u em(男生至女生)
希腊语：s’agapo
犹太语：ani ohev otach(male o* **male),ani ohevet otcha (male o* **male)
匈牙利：szeretlek
爱尔兰：taim i’ngra leat
爱沙尼亚：mina armastan sind
芬兰：min rakastan sinua
比利时佛兰芒语：ik zie u graag
意大利语：ti amo,ti vogliobene
拉 托 维 亚：es tevi milu
里 斯 本：lingo gramo-te bue’,chavalinha
立 陶 宛：tave myliu
马 其 顿：te sakam
马 尔 它：inhobbok
波 兰：kocham cie,ja cie kocham
葡 萄 牙：eu amo-te
罗 马 尼 亚：te iu besc,te ador
荷 兰：ik hou van jou
捷 克：miluji te
丹 麦：jeg elsker dig
阿 尔 萨 斯：ich hoan dich gear
亚 美 尼 亚：yes kezi seeroom yem
巴 伐 利 亚：i mog di narrisch gern
保 加 利 亚：ahs te obicham
西 班 牙加泰隆语：t’estim
克 罗 地 亚：volim te
阿 塞 疆 语：men seni serivem
孟 加 拉：ami tomay bhalobashi
缅 甸：chit pa de
柬 埔 寨：bong salang oun
菲 律 宾：mahal kita,iniibig kita
印 度 古 吉 拉 特 语：hoon tane prem karun chuun
北 印 度 语：main tumse pyar karta hoon
印 度 尼 西 亚：saja kasih saudari
爪 哇 语：aku tresno marang sliromu
老 挝：khoi huk chau
马 来 语：saya cinta mu
马来西亚：saya cintamu
蒙古语：bi chamd hairtai
尼泊尔：ma tumilai maya garchu,ma timilai man parauchu
波斯语：tora dost daram
他加禄语：mahal kita
南非语：ek het jou lief ek is lief vir jou
加纳：me do wo
埃塞俄比亚阿姆哈雷地区：ene ewedechalu(for ladies) ene ewedehalwe(for men)
阿拉伯语：ana ahebak(to a male) arabic ana ahebek(to a female)
瑞士德语：ich li b dich
克里奥尔语：mon kontan ou
豪萨语：ina sonki
肯尼亚班图语：nigwedete
马达加斯加语：tiako ianao
印度阿萨姆邦语：moi tomak bhal pau
南亚泰米尔语：tamil n’an unnaik kathalikkinren
印度泰卢固语：neenu ninnu pra’mistu’nnanu
乌尔都语：mein tumhay pyar karti hun(woman to man) mein tumhay pyar karta hun(man to woman)
新西兰毛里语：kia hoahai
爱斯基摩：nagligivaget
格陵兰岛：asavakit
冰岛：e’g elska tig
阿尔巴尼亚：t dua shume
俄罗斯：ya vas iyublyu,ya tibia lyublyu
塞尔维亚：volim te
斯洛文尼亚语：ljubim te
土尔其：seni seviyorum
乌克兰：ja vas kokhaju
威尔士：rwy’n dy garu di
亚述语：ana bayanookh(female to male) ana bayinakh(male to female)
高加索切尔克斯语：wise cas
Thursday, 17 January 2008
Wednesday, 16 January 2008
（转）白山概况
白山
一.地势气候 白山市地处长白山腹地，境内山峰林立，绵亘起伏，沟谷交错，河流纵横。长白熔岩台地和靖宇熔岩台地覆盖境内大部分地区，龙岗山脉和老岭山脉斜贯全境。龙岗山脉海拔800-1200米，相对高度在500－700米之间；老岭山脉山体高大，海拔1000－1300米，相对高度500－800米之间。鸭绿江沿岸地形起伏较大，沟谷切割较深，地势较险峻。境内最高点长白山主峰白云峰海拔2691米，为东北地区最高峰；最低点靖宇县的批州口子，海拔279.3米。主要河流有鸭绿江、头道松花江、二道松花江、浑江等。白山市属北温带大陆性季风气候，是吉林省最寒冷地区。春季昼夜温差大；夏季短，温热多雨；秋季凉爽，多睛朗天气；冬季长，干燥寒冷。市区年平均气温4.6 ℃，夏季最高气温历史极值36.5℃，冬季最低气温历史极值-42.2℃，年平均降水量883.4毫米，日照时数2259小时，无霜期140天。
二.地理位置 白山市位于吉林省东南部自然风景秀丽的长白山西侧，东经126°7'至128°18'，北纬41°21'至42°48'。东与延边朝鲜族自治州相邻；西与通化市接壤；北与吉林市毗连；南与朝鲜民主主义人民共和国隔鸭绿江相望。东西相距180公里，南北相距163公里，国境线长454公里，幅员17485平方公里。市区面积1388平方公里。 三.交通通信 白山市管辖内公路总里程3371.7公里，其中：二级路569.6公里，三级路517.8公里，四级路1952.9公里；高级路面828.2公里，次高级路面79.6公里，中级路面849.2公里，低级路面1291.2公里；现有桥梁604座18738.4米，永久式桥梁536座17730.3米，大桥25座3730.2米，中桥174座8871.6米；涵洞4045道；隧道20处7249米；晴雨通车里程2298.2公里；可绿化里程3037.4，绿化里程2685.5公里；专业养护里程1459.8公里。 1、国道1条：公路里程254.2公里，其中：二级路149.9公里，三级路47.9公里，四级路56.4公里；高级路面141.4公里，次高级路面12.5公里，中级路面100.3公里；现有桥梁72座3797.5米，大桥11座1686.4米，中桥30座1560.4米；涵洞448米道；隧道4处3110米；晴雨通车里程254.2公里；绿化里程213.9公里；专业养护里程254.2公里。 2、省道4条：公路里程699.7公里，其中：二级路272.7公里，三级路205.1公里，四级路221.9公里；高级路面425.6公里，次高级路面3.3公里，中级路面270.8公里；现有桥梁150座5457.1米；大桥7座1106.5米，中桥56座3049.8米；涵洞1149道；隧道6处3673米；晴雨通车里程699.7公里；绿化里程594.2公里；专业养护里程699.7公里。 3、县道16条：公路里程801.3公里，其中：二级路118.0公里，三级路145.9公里，四级路492.4公里；高级路面187.6公里，次高级路面19.3公里，中级路面165.8公里，低级路面351.7公里；现有桥梁140座4409.5米，永久式桥梁134座4359.5米，大桥6座820.3米，中桥42座2048.4米；涵洞973道；晴雨通车里程444.0公里；绿化里程569.2公里；专业养护里程468.4公里。 4、乡道120条：公路里程1216.2公里，其中：二级路56.0公里，四级路924.8公里；高级路面68.6公里，次高级路面43.5公里，低级路面910.5公里；现有桥梁165座3608.9米，永久式桥梁133座3169.9米，大桥1座117.0米，中桥35座1637.7米；涵洞1178道；隧道10处465.0米；晴雨通车里程553.6公里；绿化里程946.4公里；专业养护里程37.5公里。 5、专用道25条：公路里程400.3公里，其中：三级路53.9公里，四级路257.4公里；高级路面5.0公里，次高级路面1.0公里，中级路面312.3公里，低级路面29.0公里；现有桥梁77座1465.4米，中桥11座575.3米；涵洞297道；晴雨通车里程347.3公里；绿化里程361.8公里。 二OO一年度公路路况主要变更情况如下： 1、 国道：鹤大线：新增枫叶岭隧道1处2188米，苇芦小桥1座17.4米，湾沟至大阳岔段绿化里程21公里。 2、 省道： （1）长白线：新增绿化里程9.0公里。 （2）榆江线：景山至沙河子段21公里通过改建改善，原三级路面提高为二级路，中级路面提高为高级路面，江源管段新增绿化里程9.0公里。 （3）朝长线：新增花园、珠宝隧道2处2039.0米，松江河至漫江绿化里程17.3公里。 3、县道： （4）八三线：红土崖至三道沟段25.3公里通过改善原中级路面提高为高级路面。 （5）临贾线：三道沟门至硅铝合金厂段3.8公里通过改建改善原四级路提高为二级路，次高级路面提高为高级路面。 （6）驼靖线：靖宇东至朝长线加油站2.5公里，通过改建改善原三级路提高为二级路，低级路面提高为高级路面。 4、乡道：新增路线9条85.4公里，三级路7.7公里，四级路面77.7公里；高级路面7.7公里，低级路面77.7公里；桥梁13座296.5米，涵洞27道，绿化里程69.4公里。 邮政通信行业是党和政府发布大政方针、人民群众相互传情达意的桥梁和纽带。白山市邮政局自九八年邮电分营以来，始终坚持“人民邮政为人民”的宗旨，以效益为中心，积极开拓市场，大力发展各项邮政业务，在传统邮政业务的基础上，新开办了邮政广告、代办电信、物流配送等新业务，并拓展了邮政储蓄、集邮、速递、报刊发行业务领域；同时，不断强化管理、深化企业改革、提高服务水平，加大科技含量，积极创建适应市场经济的现代企业制度，增强企业的综合竞争能力。通过几年的不懈努力，白山市邮政局取得了较好的经济效益和社会效益，邮政严重亏损的局面得到缓解，社会满意度逐步提高，企业综合实力明显增强。目前，白山市邮政局资产总额达到7600万元，市区内共有18个局所网点，均可办理信函、储蓄等业务，市区内投递半径达到40公里，较好地满足了白山市广大人民群众日益增长的用邮需求。
四.投 资 环 境 白山市位于东经126°07’至128°18’，北纬41°21’至42°48’，地处中国长白山西南麓森林生态系统区，北接松嫩平原，西临辽宁大地，南与朝鲜民主主义人民共和国隔鸭绿江相望，中朝边境线长457．6公里。辖临江市（县级市）、江源、抚松、靖宇、长白四县和八道江区，幅员17,852平方公里，人口132万。 白山市地理位置得天独厚，自然资源十分丰富，素有“立体资源宝库”之称。境内森林覆盖率76％，是中国的主要木材产区之一。绵延起伏的崇山峻岭和茂密的原始森林为野生动植物提供了优越的繁衍生息条件，是东北“三宝”－人参、貂皮、鹿茸角的故乡。境内野生动物300多种，其中国家规定的保护动物东北虎、棕熊、紫貂、马鹿、金钱豹、猞猁、香獐、水獭、丹顶鹤、天鹅等珍禽异兽有近40种。野生植物2,300多种，其中人参、灵芝、高山红景天、五加参、天麻、月见草等药用植物900多种，白丁香、铃兰、夜来香、天女木兰等野生芳香植物200余种，蕨菜、木耳、松籽、蘑菇、薇菜等野生食用植物200多种。经济植物以人参最为著名，人工种植园参历史有300多年，是全国重要的人参种植、加工、销售集散地，野山参和园参年产量均居中国首位。 白山地区已发现煤、铁矿石、石英砂、硅石、滑石、硅藻土、膨润土、石膏、水晶浮石、火山渣、大理石、高岭石、玛瑙、铅、锌、铜、镁、金、锑、银、磷等金属和非金属矿藏68种，目前已探明储量的有20 余种。硅藻土储量居中国第一位。煤炭储量居吉林省第一位。矿产资源开发利用前景非常广阔。 白山市境内江河纵横，水资源十分丰富，人均水资源量是全国人均占有量的2.7倍。境内松花江、鸭绿江、浑江三大水系水能蕴藏量极为丰富，著名的白山电站和云峰电站主要库区座落在白山市境内。 白山市山青水秀，风光雄奇，景色迷人。作为联合国“人与生物圈”的重点保护区之一的长白山森林生态系统以其神奇、险峻、奥秘而著称于世，构成了白山市特有的旅游景观，长白山天池座落在长白山主峰顶端，水域面积10平方公里，最深处达373米，是中国最大最深的火山湖，也是松花江、鸭绿江和图们江三江发源地。山下温泉星罗棋布，冬季泉水蒸腾，胜似仙境。可与美国克罗拉多大峡谷相媲美的长白山锦江大峡谷，长达78公里，以其粗犷神奇、鬼斧天工的自然风光受到世人的迷恋。罕见的原始森林和迥然奇异的植被垂直分布全貌是世界级自然保护区。这里有中国最大的红松母树林基地和露水河国际狩猎场，有记载着地球变迁沧桑的寒武－奥陶系地质构造剖面保护区。唐朝渤海时期的长白灵光塔，向人们展示了白山市悠久的历史和璀灿的文化。长白山仙人洞把优美动人的神话展现在人们眼前，遍及境内的火山湖湾、天然溶洞、奇山异石、茫茫林海、山涧瀑布和历史名胜，使白山市成为十分理想的旅游观光和渡假避暑胜地。 白山市交通通讯便利，通（化）白（河）、大（连）大（栗子）两条铁路贯穿南北，开通了泉（阳）丹（东）、白（河）长（春）铁路旅客列车。境内公路全长2,100多公里，连接市县城乡。目前，又开通了白山至长春当日往返长途客车。通往长白山的三条旅游线路有两条在白山市境内，并直达长白山天池脚下。程控电话联通182个国家和地区。
现在，白山市已经发展成为以煤炭、木材、电力、医药工业为支柱，以冶金、机械、塑料、造纸、纺织工业为骨干的门类比较齐全的新兴工业城市。木材综合利用、能源、有色金属冶炼及加工、特产药材和塑料制品等行业在国内占有重要地位。百余种产品远销40多个国家和地区。 为进一步改善投资环境，白山市正在加快供水、供气、供热、通讯、城市交通、公共环境、金融、商业服务等基础设施建设。高等级公路、民航机场等交通设施也将投入建设。
一.地势气候 白山市地处长白山腹地，境内山峰林立，绵亘起伏，沟谷交错，河流纵横。长白熔岩台地和靖宇熔岩台地覆盖境内大部分地区，龙岗山脉和老岭山脉斜贯全境。龙岗山脉海拔800-1200米，相对高度在500－700米之间；老岭山脉山体高大，海拔1000－1300米，相对高度500－800米之间。鸭绿江沿岸地形起伏较大，沟谷切割较深，地势较险峻。境内最高点长白山主峰白云峰海拔2691米，为东北地区最高峰；最低点靖宇县的批州口子，海拔279.3米。主要河流有鸭绿江、头道松花江、二道松花江、浑江等。白山市属北温带大陆性季风气候，是吉林省最寒冷地区。春季昼夜温差大；夏季短，温热多雨；秋季凉爽，多睛朗天气；冬季长，干燥寒冷。市区年平均气温4.6 ℃，夏季最高气温历史极值36.5℃，冬季最低气温历史极值-42.2℃，年平均降水量883.4毫米，日照时数2259小时，无霜期140天。
二.地理位置 白山市位于吉林省东南部自然风景秀丽的长白山西侧，东经126°7'至128°18'，北纬41°21'至42°48'。东与延边朝鲜族自治州相邻；西与通化市接壤；北与吉林市毗连；南与朝鲜民主主义人民共和国隔鸭绿江相望。东西相距180公里，南北相距163公里，国境线长454公里，幅员17485平方公里。市区面积1388平方公里。 三.交通通信 白山市管辖内公路总里程3371.7公里，其中：二级路569.6公里，三级路517.8公里，四级路1952.9公里；高级路面828.2公里，次高级路面79.6公里，中级路面849.2公里，低级路面1291.2公里；现有桥梁604座18738.4米，永久式桥梁536座17730.3米，大桥25座3730.2米，中桥174座8871.6米；涵洞4045道；隧道20处7249米；晴雨通车里程2298.2公里；可绿化里程3037.4，绿化里程2685.5公里；专业养护里程1459.8公里。 1、国道1条：公路里程254.2公里，其中：二级路149.9公里，三级路47.9公里，四级路56.4公里；高级路面141.4公里，次高级路面12.5公里，中级路面100.3公里；现有桥梁72座3797.5米，大桥11座1686.4米，中桥30座1560.4米；涵洞448米道；隧道4处3110米；晴雨通车里程254.2公里；绿化里程213.9公里；专业养护里程254.2公里。 2、省道4条：公路里程699.7公里，其中：二级路272.7公里，三级路205.1公里，四级路221.9公里；高级路面425.6公里，次高级路面3.3公里，中级路面270.8公里；现有桥梁150座5457.1米；大桥7座1106.5米，中桥56座3049.8米；涵洞1149道；隧道6处3673米；晴雨通车里程699.7公里；绿化里程594.2公里；专业养护里程699.7公里。 3、县道16条：公路里程801.3公里，其中：二级路118.0公里，三级路145.9公里，四级路492.4公里；高级路面187.6公里，次高级路面19.3公里，中级路面165.8公里，低级路面351.7公里；现有桥梁140座4409.5米，永久式桥梁134座4359.5米，大桥6座820.3米，中桥42座2048.4米；涵洞973道；晴雨通车里程444.0公里；绿化里程569.2公里；专业养护里程468.4公里。 4、乡道120条：公路里程1216.2公里，其中：二级路56.0公里，四级路924.8公里；高级路面68.6公里，次高级路面43.5公里，低级路面910.5公里；现有桥梁165座3608.9米，永久式桥梁133座3169.9米，大桥1座117.0米，中桥35座1637.7米；涵洞1178道；隧道10处465.0米；晴雨通车里程553.6公里；绿化里程946.4公里；专业养护里程37.5公里。 5、专用道25条：公路里程400.3公里，其中：三级路53.9公里，四级路257.4公里；高级路面5.0公里，次高级路面1.0公里，中级路面312.3公里，低级路面29.0公里；现有桥梁77座1465.4米，中桥11座575.3米；涵洞297道；晴雨通车里程347.3公里；绿化里程361.8公里。 二OO一年度公路路况主要变更情况如下： 1、 国道：鹤大线：新增枫叶岭隧道1处2188米，苇芦小桥1座17.4米，湾沟至大阳岔段绿化里程21公里。 2、 省道： （1）长白线：新增绿化里程9.0公里。 （2）榆江线：景山至沙河子段21公里通过改建改善，原三级路面提高为二级路，中级路面提高为高级路面，江源管段新增绿化里程9.0公里。 （3）朝长线：新增花园、珠宝隧道2处2039.0米，松江河至漫江绿化里程17.3公里。 3、县道： （4）八三线：红土崖至三道沟段25.3公里通过改善原中级路面提高为高级路面。 （5）临贾线：三道沟门至硅铝合金厂段3.8公里通过改建改善原四级路提高为二级路，次高级路面提高为高级路面。 （6）驼靖线：靖宇东至朝长线加油站2.5公里，通过改建改善原三级路提高为二级路，低级路面提高为高级路面。 4、乡道：新增路线9条85.4公里，三级路7.7公里，四级路面77.7公里；高级路面7.7公里，低级路面77.7公里；桥梁13座296.5米，涵洞27道，绿化里程69.4公里。 邮政通信行业是党和政府发布大政方针、人民群众相互传情达意的桥梁和纽带。白山市邮政局自九八年邮电分营以来，始终坚持“人民邮政为人民”的宗旨，以效益为中心，积极开拓市场，大力发展各项邮政业务，在传统邮政业务的基础上，新开办了邮政广告、代办电信、物流配送等新业务，并拓展了邮政储蓄、集邮、速递、报刊发行业务领域；同时，不断强化管理、深化企业改革、提高服务水平，加大科技含量，积极创建适应市场经济的现代企业制度，增强企业的综合竞争能力。通过几年的不懈努力，白山市邮政局取得了较好的经济效益和社会效益，邮政严重亏损的局面得到缓解，社会满意度逐步提高，企业综合实力明显增强。目前，白山市邮政局资产总额达到7600万元，市区内共有18个局所网点，均可办理信函、储蓄等业务，市区内投递半径达到40公里，较好地满足了白山市广大人民群众日益增长的用邮需求。
四.投 资 环 境 白山市位于东经126°07’至128°18’，北纬41°21’至42°48’，地处中国长白山西南麓森林生态系统区，北接松嫩平原，西临辽宁大地，南与朝鲜民主主义人民共和国隔鸭绿江相望，中朝边境线长457．6公里。辖临江市（县级市）、江源、抚松、靖宇、长白四县和八道江区，幅员17,852平方公里，人口132万。 白山市地理位置得天独厚，自然资源十分丰富，素有“立体资源宝库”之称。境内森林覆盖率76％，是中国的主要木材产区之一。绵延起伏的崇山峻岭和茂密的原始森林为野生动植物提供了优越的繁衍生息条件，是东北“三宝”－人参、貂皮、鹿茸角的故乡。境内野生动物300多种，其中国家规定的保护动物东北虎、棕熊、紫貂、马鹿、金钱豹、猞猁、香獐、水獭、丹顶鹤、天鹅等珍禽异兽有近40种。野生植物2,300多种，其中人参、灵芝、高山红景天、五加参、天麻、月见草等药用植物900多种，白丁香、铃兰、夜来香、天女木兰等野生芳香植物200余种，蕨菜、木耳、松籽、蘑菇、薇菜等野生食用植物200多种。经济植物以人参最为著名，人工种植园参历史有300多年，是全国重要的人参种植、加工、销售集散地，野山参和园参年产量均居中国首位。 白山地区已发现煤、铁矿石、石英砂、硅石、滑石、硅藻土、膨润土、石膏、水晶浮石、火山渣、大理石、高岭石、玛瑙、铅、锌、铜、镁、金、锑、银、磷等金属和非金属矿藏68种，目前已探明储量的有20 余种。硅藻土储量居中国第一位。煤炭储量居吉林省第一位。矿产资源开发利用前景非常广阔。 白山市境内江河纵横，水资源十分丰富，人均水资源量是全国人均占有量的2.7倍。境内松花江、鸭绿江、浑江三大水系水能蕴藏量极为丰富，著名的白山电站和云峰电站主要库区座落在白山市境内。 白山市山青水秀，风光雄奇，景色迷人。作为联合国“人与生物圈”的重点保护区之一的长白山森林生态系统以其神奇、险峻、奥秘而著称于世，构成了白山市特有的旅游景观，长白山天池座落在长白山主峰顶端，水域面积10平方公里，最深处达373米，是中国最大最深的火山湖，也是松花江、鸭绿江和图们江三江发源地。山下温泉星罗棋布，冬季泉水蒸腾，胜似仙境。可与美国克罗拉多大峡谷相媲美的长白山锦江大峡谷，长达78公里，以其粗犷神奇、鬼斧天工的自然风光受到世人的迷恋。罕见的原始森林和迥然奇异的植被垂直分布全貌是世界级自然保护区。这里有中国最大的红松母树林基地和露水河国际狩猎场，有记载着地球变迁沧桑的寒武－奥陶系地质构造剖面保护区。唐朝渤海时期的长白灵光塔，向人们展示了白山市悠久的历史和璀灿的文化。长白山仙人洞把优美动人的神话展现在人们眼前，遍及境内的火山湖湾、天然溶洞、奇山异石、茫茫林海、山涧瀑布和历史名胜，使白山市成为十分理想的旅游观光和渡假避暑胜地。 白山市交通通讯便利，通（化）白（河）、大（连）大（栗子）两条铁路贯穿南北，开通了泉（阳）丹（东）、白（河）长（春）铁路旅客列车。境内公路全长2,100多公里，连接市县城乡。目前，又开通了白山至长春当日往返长途客车。通往长白山的三条旅游线路有两条在白山市境内，并直达长白山天池脚下。程控电话联通182个国家和地区。
现在，白山市已经发展成为以煤炭、木材、电力、医药工业为支柱，以冶金、机械、塑料、造纸、纺织工业为骨干的门类比较齐全的新兴工业城市。木材综合利用、能源、有色金属冶炼及加工、特产药材和塑料制品等行业在国内占有重要地位。百余种产品远销40多个国家和地区。 为进一步改善投资环境，白山市正在加快供水、供气、供热、通讯、城市交通、公共环境、金融、商业服务等基础设施建设。高等级公路、民航机场等交通设施也将投入建设。
(转)秦皇岛人没啥好牛的!
又是一年！
过去的一年可以说是惊心动魄的一年。这一年发生了很多事，而且都是大事。这一年，努力，迷茫，漂泊，失望，争吵，追求，期待，如愿，惊奇，温馨，快乐，适应，到现在，在异国他乡为了理想而奋斗着。
还是喜欢述说变化。
想过在考一年。中德学院对我的诱惑是太大了，就像头说的，去德国最大的目的不是学到什么，而是圆梦。这条路在07年出的时候被我认为是最快最便捷也是最适合我的选择，而且自己也为努力奋斗了半年。那一月份冻红的双手和考研日子里的辛酸无疑成为另一种财富。考研，自己确实努力了，但是确实失败了。数学拉下了所有的努力，自己很好的证明了竹筒定理--水的多少取决于最短的那块竹板。德国离我只有15分的距离。
在我正准备在看数学的时候，突然想起来调剂的事情。我的分数上了国家线，所以，其实还是有学上的。东北大学，合肥工大，山东大学，江苏大学，燕山大学。同时，也在研究出国的事情。问沈老师去德国的事情，问卜叔叔和她女儿多伦多大学的事，问赵旭滑铁卢大学的事。也在着一个把工作先签下的地方。哈动力，海湾，北京地铁，开发区……其中也有和老妈的争执，也有和肖绍杰的讨论，也有自己的乱想。最后，拿出了2天，好好的想了想自己适合做什么，究竟想要什么样的生活。那两天后的决定也是我现在的理想。所以，作出第一个决定，调剂到燕山大学，读杨叔叔的研。然后就规划自己要走的路。在这一切计划好像都要成为现实的时候，调剂的事情因为一点原因落了汤。一切似乎归零。
然而，命运有事就是靠机缘邂逅。就是那么巧，赵教授来了我门学校讲学，做了特聘教授，就是那么巧母亲有个机会送我去读华威的预科，巧的是父亲问了宋叔叔华威的时候推荐我读他们学校的研究生，就是那么巧他推荐的这个专业的教授办公室在他的隔壁，就是这么巧这个教授是华人是ProfZhao。3年，PHD。母亲说，这是上天为我设计的，一定要抓住。感谢上天眷恋。6月3日父亲打的第一个电话，5号我决定走这条路，10号准备了所有的申请材料寄给了宋叔叔和赵教授，24号离开长沙，25号2点到家，老妈为我过生日，25号5点出发去西安，25号23点半到西安见到宋叔叔（很巧，宋叔叔刚回国），26号6点从西安走，27号2点到家。3天跑了5千多公里。7月2号去北京学雅思，8月11考试，24号拿到成绩，知道没考过，9月15拿到语言课通知书，9月18 拿到签证和飞机票，9月24日从北京飞伦敦。新生活开始。
朋友说，3个月出国，自己申请，自己签证，如果我成功了，我的经历可以作为一个案例留给后来人做参考。I did it！
上海实习的日子好开心。和猪卓群去苏州，和猪老胡津津颖头恐龙去杭州去西塘去周庄。赶火车，吃猪蹄，河边喝酒，客栈埃冻，西湖畔的裸鱼尸，大胡老板的一顿美餐，杭州的羞涩和西塘的妖媚周庄的商业气息苏州的惬意，统统收录到回忆里。也难忘回来火车上打牌，输钱，到鹰潭啊志请的鸡腿，好吃！
刚到学校没几天，曦就来长沙了，长沙岳阳张谷英凤凰。尤其是凤凰的一周，喝着米酒，听着苗妹妹场情歌，坐在河边和糖猪肖颖胡斐侃天，沱江泛舟，泡吧，玩什么表扬与自我表扬，猪胡唱歌，乌龙山剿匪，勾良穿苗衣，老妖坛看瀑布，洞口探险，把曦说哭了三次。还有，我要去梧林酒吧还愿。离开凤凰的时候，很想哭，心理清楚地很，这样的快乐以后只有回味没有体会了。
后来涛来了，长沙岳阳张谷英，玩的不是很好，吃的倒是不错，浏阳蒸菜，石锅鱼，火锅，火宫殿，小吃，笨鸡，考茄子……馋了，都快忘了湖南的辣椒什么味的了
过去的一年可以说是惊心动魄的一年。这一年发生了很多事，而且都是大事。这一年，努力，迷茫，漂泊，失望，争吵，追求，期待，如愿，惊奇，温馨，快乐，适应，到现在，在异国他乡为了理想而奋斗着。
还是喜欢述说变化。
一
从岳麓书院的大学生到英伦三岛的留学生。这恐怕是没有敢想的事情，却发生在我的身上。考研失败之后，对下一步的打算是在是拿不定主意。不是没有选择，而是选择太多。但令人困惑的是，自己已经没有太多的时间再去“尝试”什么新鲜事物，也没有足够的精力再去探索不同的路。毕业了，要对自己有个定位。所以这一年的决定会影响我的一生甚至我的家人。
想过在考一年。中德学院对我的诱惑是太大了，就像头说的，去德国最大的目的不是学到什么，而是圆梦。这条路在07年出的时候被我认为是最快最便捷也是最适合我的选择，而且自己也为努力奋斗了半年。那一月份冻红的双手和考研日子里的辛酸无疑成为另一种财富。考研，自己确实努力了，但是确实失败了。数学拉下了所有的努力，自己很好的证明了竹筒定理--水的多少取决于最短的那块竹板。德国离我只有15分的距离。
在我正准备在看数学的时候，突然想起来调剂的事情。我的分数上了国家线，所以，其实还是有学上的。东北大学，合肥工大，山东大学，江苏大学，燕山大学。同时，也在研究出国的事情。问沈老师去德国的事情，问卜叔叔和她女儿多伦多大学的事，问赵旭滑铁卢大学的事。也在着一个把工作先签下的地方。哈动力，海湾，北京地铁，开发区……其中也有和老妈的争执，也有和肖绍杰的讨论，也有自己的乱想。最后，拿出了2天，好好的想了想自己适合做什么，究竟想要什么样的生活。那两天后的决定也是我现在的理想。所以，作出第一个决定，调剂到燕山大学，读杨叔叔的研。然后就规划自己要走的路。在这一切计划好像都要成为现实的时候，调剂的事情因为一点原因落了汤。一切似乎归零。
然而，命运有事就是靠机缘邂逅。就是那么巧，赵教授来了我门学校讲学，做了特聘教授，就是那么巧母亲有个机会送我去读华威的预科，巧的是父亲问了宋叔叔华威的时候推荐我读他们学校的研究生，就是那么巧他推荐的这个专业的教授办公室在他的隔壁，就是这么巧这个教授是华人是ProfZhao。3年，PHD。母亲说，这是上天为我设计的，一定要抓住。感谢上天眷恋。6月3日父亲打的第一个电话，5号我决定走这条路，10号准备了所有的申请材料寄给了宋叔叔和赵教授，24号离开长沙，25号2点到家，老妈为我过生日，25号5点出发去西安，25号23点半到西安见到宋叔叔（很巧，宋叔叔刚回国），26号6点从西安走，27号2点到家。3天跑了5千多公里。7月2号去北京学雅思，8月11考试，24号拿到成绩，知道没考过，9月15拿到语言课通知书，9月18 拿到签证和飞机票，9月24日从北京飞伦敦。新生活开始。
朋友说，3个月出国，自己申请，自己签证，如果我成功了，我的经历可以作为一个案例留给后来人做参考。I did it！
二
缘来生活是媛的。终于这么不顾一切的去爱一个人。一直认为错过的人到最后我会这么疯狂的去追求她，她也这么不顾一切的答应了。对她的感情，让我觉得时间、距离、差距、现实所有的困难都值得为她克服，自己的人生值得为她等待，自己的感情值得为她付出。越发感觉到，这应该是我的感情的归宿，她应该就是我的“家”。虽然在武汉待了4天，时间短暂但短小精悍。忘不了在出租车上第一次牵手，她第一次扑到我怀里的感觉，在灯光下摆成的心，在超市她挎这我一起买菜，在路上装成喝多的醉汉，在必胜客的第一顿正餐，她看到新床罩的惊喜，在商场试衣服，在厨房做饭，每一次拥抱，每一次亲吻。
现在，我的对未来的每一步计划都有我的父母，也有她。我要给她买最适合她的衣服，我载她骑车看海，我要和她在家里演新版的史密斯夫妇，我要和她每周不同的角色饰演，我要和她去加勒比海度假，我要和她去头儿家蹭饭，我要让她永远开心幸福，我要和她共同创一份自己的事业.
三
上海实习的日子好开心。和猪卓群去苏州，和猪老胡津津颖头恐龙去杭州去西塘去周庄。赶火车，吃猪蹄，河边喝酒，客栈埃冻，西湖畔的裸鱼尸，大胡老板的一顿美餐，杭州的羞涩和西塘的妖媚周庄的商业气息苏州的惬意，统统收录到回忆里。也难忘回来火车上打牌，输钱，到鹰潭啊志请的鸡腿，好吃！
刚到学校没几天，曦就来长沙了，长沙岳阳张谷英凤凰。尤其是凤凰的一周，喝着米酒，听着苗妹妹场情歌，坐在河边和糖猪肖颖胡斐侃天，沱江泛舟，泡吧，玩什么表扬与自我表扬，猪胡唱歌，乌龙山剿匪，勾良穿苗衣，老妖坛看瀑布，洞口探险，把曦说哭了三次。还有，我要去梧林酒吧还愿。离开凤凰的时候，很想哭，心理清楚地很，这样的快乐以后只有回味没有体会了。
后来涛来了，长沙岳阳张谷英，玩的不是很好，吃的倒是不错，浏阳蒸菜，石锅鱼，火锅，火宫殿，小吃，笨鸡，考茄子……馋了，都快忘了湖南的辣椒什么味的了
Friday, 21 December 2007
汽车厂商译名
ACB Sport Auto德国ACB运动汽车公司
Adam Opel AG德国奥贝尔汽车股份公司
AG GAZ俄国高尔基汽车厂
Alpine Cor.法国阿尔平汽车公司
American Honda Motor Company美国本田汽车公司
AMO Zil俄国李哈乔夫汽车厂
AO Moskvich 俄罗斯莫斯科人汽车厂
AO UAZ俄罗斯乌阿斯汽车制造厂
ARO S.A.罗马尼亚汽车公司
Asia Motors韩国亚细亚汽车有限公司
Aston Martin Lagonda Ltd.英国阿斯顿•马丁•拉贡达汽车有限公司
Audi AG.德国奥迪汽车股份公司
Austin Morris Div英国奥斯汀•莫利斯汽车部
Austin Rover Group Ltd.英国奥斯汀•罗孚汽车公司（属BMW公司）
Automobiles Citroen法国雪铁龙汽车公司
Automobiles Peugeot-Talbat法国标致-塔尔泊特汽车公司
AVIA捷克阿维亚汽车公司
AZNP (Skoda)捷克斯克达公司（属VW公司）
Basil Green Cor.南非巴兹尔•格林汽车公司
Bayerische Motoren Werke AG.德国巴依尔汽车股份公司（宝马）
Beijing Jeep Corporation北京吉普汽车公司
Bentley Motors Ltd.英国本特里汽车有限公司
BMW Alpina德国宝马•阿尔宾那汽车公司
Brasov Auto Cor.罗马尼亚布拉索夫汽车公司
Bristol Cars Ltd.英国布莱斯托尔汽车公司
Buick Motor Division美国通用汽车公司别克部
Cadillac Motor Car Division美国通用汽车公司凯迪莱克部
Camions Bernard法国卡苗斯•贝尔纳特货车公司
Carrozzeria Bertone S.P.A.意大利贝尔通汽车公司
Caterham Cars Ltd.英国凯特汉汽车有限公司
Changan-Suzuki Automobiles Corp.中国长安-铃木汽车公司
Chevrolet General Motors do Brasil Ltd.巴西雪佛兰汽车公司
Chevrolet Motor Division美国通用汽车公司雪佛兰汽车部
China Motor Cor.中国台湾中华汽车公司
Chrysle-Plymouth Division美国克莱斯勒公司顺风部
Chrysler Corporation.美国克莱斯勒公司
Chrysler Fevre S.A.I.C.阿根廷克莱斯勒-费沃汽车股份有限公司
Chrysler Ltd.澳大利亚克莱斯勒汽车有限公司
Chrysler Motor Division.美国克莱斯勒公司克莱斯勒汽车部
Citroen-Hispania Cor.西班牙雪铁龙汽车公司
Concept Cars Ltd.西班牙康塞普特汽车有限公司
Daewoo Automobile S.A.罗马尼亚大宇汽车公司
Daewoo Motor Co. Ltd.韩国大宇汽车有限公司
Daewoo Motor SP.波兰大宇汽车公司
DAF SA.荷兰达夫汽车公司
Daihatsu Kogyo Co. Ltd.日本大发汽车工业有限公司
Daimler-Benz AG.德国戴姆勒-本茨股份公司
Daimler-Chrysler AG.德国•载姆勒-克莱斯勒股份公司
Dallas法国达拉斯公司
De Tomaso Modena S.P.A.意大利德托马索•摩迪那汽车公司
Deutz Motor AG.德国道依茨发动机公司
Dim Motor S.A.希腊迪姆汽车公司
Dodge Division.美国克莱斯勒公司道奇部
Dongfeng Automotive Company中国东风汽车股份公司
Drogmoler Karasserien GmbH & Co. KG德国德勒克默勒车身股份有限公司
Eagle Motor Division.美国克莱斯勒汽车公司鹰部
EL-KG Bugattibau Auto Co.埃及伊尔-布加蒂汽车公司
EL-Nasr Automotivc Manufacturing Co.埃及伊尔-纳斯尔汽车生产公司
Fabrica Nacional de Motores S A.巴西国家汽车有限公司
Fabryka Samochodow Osobowych波兰华沙小客车厂
FAP-Famous Autokaroserija南斯拉夫法普-费莫斯汽车公司
FASA-Renaut西班牙费萨-雷诺汽车公司
FAW-Volkswagen Automotive Company Ltd.中国一汽大众汽车有限公司
Ferrari S.P.A.意大利费拉里汽车公司
Ferruccio Lamborghini Automobili S.P.A.意大利弗鲁西欧•拉伯基尼汽车股份有限公司
Fiat Auto (Polen) S.A.波兰菲亚特汽车公司
Fiat Auto Argentina S.A.阿根廷菲亚特汽车公司
Fiat Auto Moveis (Brazil) S.A.巴西菲亚特汽车公司
Fiat Auto S.P.A.意大利菲亚特汽车公司
First Automobile Works Corporation.（FAW）
中国第一汽车制造厂集团公司
Ford Argentina S.A.阿根廷福特汽车公司
Ford Brasil Ltda.巴西福特汽车有限公司
Ford Division美国福特汽车公司福特部
Ford Motor Company美国福特汽车公司
Ford Motor Company Ltd.英国福特汽车有限公司
Ford Motor Company of Australia Ltd.澳大利亚福特汽车集团有限公司
Ford Motor Company of Canada Ltd.加拿大福特汽车有限公司
Ford Samcor Limited南非福特汽车有限公司
Ford-Espana Co.西班牙福特汽车公司
Ford-Werke AG.德国福特汽车股份公司
Freighliner-Mrcedes-Benz Truck Co. 美国弗莱特莱纳载货车公司（属本茨公司）
Fuji Heavy Industries Ltd.日本富士重工株式会社
Genenal Motors Argentina S.A.阿根廷通用汽车公司
Genenal Motors Canada Ltd.加拿大通用汽车有限公司
Genenal Motors Corp.(GM)美国通用汽车公司
Genenal Motors de Mexico S.A.墨西哥通用汽车公司
Genenal Motors do Brasil Ltda巴西通用汽车公司
Genenal Motors Espana西班牙通用汽车有限公司
Genenal Motors Malaysia S.A.马来西亚通用汽车公司
Genenal Motors of South African Ltd.南非通用汽车有限公司
Geo Motor Division美国通用汽车公司吉优部
GMC Truck & Coach Div.美国通用汽车公司货车和客车部
GM-Holdens Automotive Ltd.澳大利亚通用-霍尔登汽车有限公司
Groupe Aixam-Mega B.P.法国梅戈集团公司
Hindustan Motor Ltd.印度斯坦汽车有限公司
Holden Automotive Ltd.澳大利亚通用-霍尔登汽车有限公司
Honda Motor Co.Ltd.日本本田技研工业（株）
Hyundai Motor Company.韩国现代汽车集团公司
Ika-Renault S.A.I.C.阿根廷依卡-雷诺汽车股份有限公司
Ikarus Body and Coach Building Works匈牙利伊卡露斯车身和车辆厂
Iran Khodro Industrial Manufactring Co.伊朗考德罗工业公司
Iran Saipa伊朗赛帕集团
Ishmash俄罗斯伊日汽车公司
Isuzu Motors Ltd.日本五十铃汽车（株）有限公司
IVECO（跨国）依维柯（工业车辆公司）
Jaguar Cars Ltd.英国杰戈娃汽车有限公司
Jeep-Eagle Division.美国克莱斯勒公司吉普-鹰部
Jelez Motors Vehicle Factory波兰耶尔奇汽车厂
JPX巴西吉甫克斯汽车公司
Kamaz Motor Factory俄罗斯卡玛斯汽车公司
Karl Kässbohrer Fahrzeugwerk GmbH德国凯斯鲍尔车辆厂公司
Kässbohrer-Austria Motor Cor.奥地利凯斯鲍尔-奥地利汽车公司
Kässbohrer-Bilcon Motor Cor.丹麦凯斯鲍尔-比尔科恩汽车公司
Kenworth Truck Company美国肯沃特载货车公司
Kia Motors Coporation.韩国起亚汽车公司
Land Rover Ltd.英国兰德•罗孚汽车有限公司
Leyland Motor Corp. Ltd.澳大利亚利兰汽车有限公司
Liberec Automobilove Zavody.捷克利波瑞克汽车厂
Lincoln-Mercury Division.美国福特汽车公司林肯-默寇利部
Lotus Cars Ltd.英国洛特斯（莲花）汽车公司
LUAZ Automobilnyj Zavod乌克兰卢阿斯汽车制造厂
Mahindra & Mahindra Ltd.印度马亨德拉汽车有限公司
MAN AG德国曼汽车股份公司
Marcos Cars英国麦克汽车公司
Maruti Udyog Ltd.印度马鲁蒂汽车有限公司
Maserati S.P.A.意大利马赛拉蒂汽车公司
Mazda Auto Limited南非马自达汽车有限公司
Mazda Motor Corp.日本马自达汽车（株）公司
Mercedes do Brasil巴西默谢台斯公司
Mercedes-Benz AG.德国默谢台斯-本茨股份汽车公司
Mercedes-Benz Cor.西班牙墨谢台斯-本茨汽车公司
Mercedes-Benz India Ltd.印度默谢台斯-本茨汽车有限公司
Mercury Motor Company美国福特汽车公司默寇利部
Micro Compact Car (MCC) GmbH德国本茨公司微型轿车有限公司
Mitsubishi Heavy Industies Ltd.日本三菱重工（株）公司
Mitsubishi Motors Ltd.澳大利亚三菱汽车有限公司
Monteverdi Automobiles Ltd.瑞士蒙特维尔蒂汽车有限公司
Morgan Motor Co. Ltd.英国摩根汽车有限公司
Nissan Motor Co. Ltd.日本日产汽车（株）有限公司
Nuova Automobili Feruccio Lamborghini S.P.A.意大利兰宝希尼汽车公司
OAO GAZ俄罗斯嘎斯汽车公司
Oldsmobile Division美国通用汽车公司奥兹莫比尔部
Opel Irmscher GmbH.德国奥贝尔•依尔姆汽车有限股份公司
Otosan Otomobil Sanayi A.S.土耳其奥托桑汽车股份公司
Oyak-Renault Automobil Fabrikalari A.S土耳其雷诺汽车公司
Perusahaan otmobil Nasional Sdn Bhd马来西亚国营汽车公司（普鲁登）
Peugeot Ltd.印度标致汽车有限公司
Pitesti Auto Cor.罗马尼亚皮特斯蒂汽车公司
Pontiac Division美国通用汽车公司旁蒂克部
Porsche KG德国波尔舍公司
Regie nationale des Usines Renault法国国营雷诺汽车公司
Renault Argentina S.A.阿根廷雷诺汽车公司
Rolls-Royce Motors Ltd.英国罗尔斯-罗依斯汽车有限公司
Rom Garmel Industries Ltd.以色列罗姆•卡尔梅汽车工业公司
Rover Cars英国罗孚汽车 Rover Group Ltd.英国罗孚汽车集团有限公司
S.C. Automobile Dacia S.A.罗马尼亚达西亚汽车公司
Saab Automobile AB.瑞典萨伯汽车公司
Safrar-Peugeot阿根廷标致汽车公司
Saturn Corporation美国土星汽车公司
SeatSA西班牙西特汽车公司（属大众公司）
Second Automobile Works Co. (SAW)中国第二汽车厂公司
Shanghai Automobile Industry Co. (SAIC)中国上海汽车工业股份公司
Shanghai Volkswagen Automotive Co. (SVW)中国上海大众汽车公司
Shenlong Automobiles Corporation中国神龙汽车公司
SISU AB.芬兰锡苏汽车公司
Ssang Yong Motors Co.Ltd.韩国双龙汽车有限公司
Suzuki Motor Co.Ltd.日本铃木汽车（株）有限公司
Suzuki-Santana Motor S.A.西班牙铃木-桑塔纳汽车公司
Talbort Cor.法国塔尔伯特汽车公司
TAS Tvornica Automobila Sarajevo(波黑)萨拉热窝汽车厂
Tata Motor Vehicle Import印度塔塔汽车进口公司
Tatra Kombinat捷克太脱拉联合公司
Tempo Auto Ltd.印度速度汽车有限公司
The Premier Automobiles Ltd.印度总理汽车有限公司
Tofas Oto Ticaret A.S.土耳其托法斯汽车公司
Toyata do Brasil S/A巴西丰田汽车公司
Toyata Ltd.南非丰田汽车有限公司
Toyata Motor Corp.Ltd.日本丰田汽车（株）有限公司
Toyata Motor Corporation Ltd.澳大利亚丰田汽车有限公司
Toyo Kogyo Co. Ltd.东洋工业株式会社（马自达）
TVR Engineering Ltd.英国TVR工程有限公司
Vauxhall Motor Ltd.英国伏克斯豪尔汽车公司（属GM公司）
Volkswagen AG.德国大众汽车股份公司
Volkswagen Argentina SA.阿根廷大众汽车公司
Volkswagen Bruxelles S.A.比利时布鲁塞尔大众汽车公司
Volkswagen de Mexiico SA墨西哥大众汽车公司
Volkswagen do Brasil S.A.巴西大众汽车公司
Volkswagen of Nigeria Ltd.尼日利亚大众汽车公司
Volkswagen of South Africa Ltd.南非大众汽车公司
Volvo Car Corp.瑞典沃尔沃汽车公司
Xiali Automobiles Factory中国天津夏利小型汽车厂
Yunque Guizhou Aero Space Industry Corp.中国贵州云雀航空工业公司
Zavodi Crvena Zastava 南斯拉夫扎斯塔瓦汽车厂
Zavodi Grvena Zastava南斯拉夫红旗汽车厂
ZAZAvtozavod.乌克兰扎波罗代汽车厂公司
Adam Opel AG德国奥贝尔汽车股份公司
AG GAZ俄国高尔基汽车厂
Alpine Cor.法国阿尔平汽车公司
American Honda Motor Company美国本田汽车公司
AMO Zil俄国李哈乔夫汽车厂
AO Moskvich 俄罗斯莫斯科人汽车厂
AO UAZ俄罗斯乌阿斯汽车制造厂
ARO S.A.罗马尼亚汽车公司
Asia Motors韩国亚细亚汽车有限公司
Aston Martin Lagonda Ltd.英国阿斯顿•马丁•拉贡达汽车有限公司
Audi AG.德国奥迪汽车股份公司
Austin Morris Div英国奥斯汀•莫利斯汽车部
Austin Rover Group Ltd.英国奥斯汀•罗孚汽车公司（属BMW公司）
Automobiles Citroen法国雪铁龙汽车公司
Automobiles Peugeot-Talbat法国标致-塔尔泊特汽车公司
AVIA捷克阿维亚汽车公司
AZNP (Skoda)捷克斯克达公司（属VW公司）
Basil Green Cor.南非巴兹尔•格林汽车公司
Bayerische Motoren Werke AG.德国巴依尔汽车股份公司（宝马）
Beijing Jeep Corporation北京吉普汽车公司
Bentley Motors Ltd.英国本特里汽车有限公司
BMW Alpina德国宝马•阿尔宾那汽车公司
Brasov Auto Cor.罗马尼亚布拉索夫汽车公司
Bristol Cars Ltd.英国布莱斯托尔汽车公司
Buick Motor Division美国通用汽车公司别克部
Cadillac Motor Car Division美国通用汽车公司凯迪莱克部
Camions Bernard法国卡苗斯•贝尔纳特货车公司
Carrozzeria Bertone S.P.A.意大利贝尔通汽车公司
Caterham Cars Ltd.英国凯特汉汽车有限公司
Changan-Suzuki Automobiles Corp.中国长安-铃木汽车公司
Chevrolet General Motors do Brasil Ltd.巴西雪佛兰汽车公司
Chevrolet Motor Division美国通用汽车公司雪佛兰汽车部
China Motor Cor.中国台湾中华汽车公司
Chrysle-Plymouth Division美国克莱斯勒公司顺风部
Chrysler Corporation.美国克莱斯勒公司
Chrysler Fevre S.A.I.C.阿根廷克莱斯勒-费沃汽车股份有限公司
Chrysler Ltd.澳大利亚克莱斯勒汽车有限公司
Chrysler Motor Division.美国克莱斯勒公司克莱斯勒汽车部
Citroen-Hispania Cor.西班牙雪铁龙汽车公司
Concept Cars Ltd.西班牙康塞普特汽车有限公司
Daewoo Automobile S.A.罗马尼亚大宇汽车公司
Daewoo Motor Co. Ltd.韩国大宇汽车有限公司
Daewoo Motor SP.波兰大宇汽车公司
DAF SA.荷兰达夫汽车公司
Daihatsu Kogyo Co. Ltd.日本大发汽车工业有限公司
Daimler-Benz AG.德国戴姆勒-本茨股份公司
Daimler-Chrysler AG.德国•载姆勒-克莱斯勒股份公司
Dallas法国达拉斯公司
De Tomaso Modena S.P.A.意大利德托马索•摩迪那汽车公司
Deutz Motor AG.德国道依茨发动机公司
Dim Motor S.A.希腊迪姆汽车公司
Dodge Division.美国克莱斯勒公司道奇部
Dongfeng Automotive Company中国东风汽车股份公司
Drogmoler Karasserien GmbH & Co. KG德国德勒克默勒车身股份有限公司
Eagle Motor Division.美国克莱斯勒汽车公司鹰部
EL-KG Bugattibau Auto Co.埃及伊尔-布加蒂汽车公司
EL-Nasr Automotivc Manufacturing Co.埃及伊尔-纳斯尔汽车生产公司
Fabrica Nacional de Motores S A.巴西国家汽车有限公司
Fabryka Samochodow Osobowych波兰华沙小客车厂
FAP-Famous Autokaroserija南斯拉夫法普-费莫斯汽车公司
FASA-Renaut西班牙费萨-雷诺汽车公司
FAW-Volkswagen Automotive Company Ltd.中国一汽大众汽车有限公司
Ferrari S.P.A.意大利费拉里汽车公司
Ferruccio Lamborghini Automobili S.P.A.意大利弗鲁西欧•拉伯基尼汽车股份有限公司
Fiat Auto (Polen) S.A.波兰菲亚特汽车公司
Fiat Auto Argentina S.A.阿根廷菲亚特汽车公司
Fiat Auto Moveis (Brazil) S.A.巴西菲亚特汽车公司
Fiat Auto S.P.A.意大利菲亚特汽车公司
First Automobile Works Corporation.（FAW）
中国第一汽车制造厂集团公司
Ford Argentina S.A.阿根廷福特汽车公司
Ford Brasil Ltda.巴西福特汽车有限公司
Ford Division美国福特汽车公司福特部
Ford Motor Company美国福特汽车公司
Ford Motor Company Ltd.英国福特汽车有限公司
Ford Motor Company of Australia Ltd.澳大利亚福特汽车集团有限公司
Ford Motor Company of Canada Ltd.加拿大福特汽车有限公司
Ford Samcor Limited南非福特汽车有限公司
Ford-Espana Co.西班牙福特汽车公司
Ford-Werke AG.德国福特汽车股份公司
Freighliner-Mrcedes-Benz Truck Co. 美国弗莱特莱纳载货车公司（属本茨公司）
Fuji Heavy Industries Ltd.日本富士重工株式会社
Genenal Motors Argentina S.A.阿根廷通用汽车公司
Genenal Motors Canada Ltd.加拿大通用汽车有限公司
Genenal Motors Corp.(GM)美国通用汽车公司
Genenal Motors de Mexico S.A.墨西哥通用汽车公司
Genenal Motors do Brasil Ltda巴西通用汽车公司
Genenal Motors Espana西班牙通用汽车有限公司
Genenal Motors Malaysia S.A.马来西亚通用汽车公司
Genenal Motors of South African Ltd.南非通用汽车有限公司
Geo Motor Division美国通用汽车公司吉优部
GMC Truck & Coach Div.美国通用汽车公司货车和客车部
GM-Holdens Automotive Ltd.澳大利亚通用-霍尔登汽车有限公司
Groupe Aixam-Mega B.P.法国梅戈集团公司
Hindustan Motor Ltd.印度斯坦汽车有限公司
Holden Automotive Ltd.澳大利亚通用-霍尔登汽车有限公司
Honda Motor Co.Ltd.日本本田技研工业（株）
Hyundai Motor Company.韩国现代汽车集团公司
Ika-Renault S.A.I.C.阿根廷依卡-雷诺汽车股份有限公司
Ikarus Body and Coach Building Works匈牙利伊卡露斯车身和车辆厂
Iran Khodro Industrial Manufactring Co.伊朗考德罗工业公司
Iran Saipa伊朗赛帕集团
Ishmash俄罗斯伊日汽车公司
Isuzu Motors Ltd.日本五十铃汽车（株）有限公司
IVECO（跨国）依维柯（工业车辆公司）
Jaguar Cars Ltd.英国杰戈娃汽车有限公司
Jeep-Eagle Division.美国克莱斯勒公司吉普-鹰部
Jelez Motors Vehicle Factory波兰耶尔奇汽车厂
JPX巴西吉甫克斯汽车公司
Kamaz Motor Factory俄罗斯卡玛斯汽车公司
Karl Kässbohrer Fahrzeugwerk GmbH德国凯斯鲍尔车辆厂公司
Kässbohrer-Austria Motor Cor.奥地利凯斯鲍尔-奥地利汽车公司
Kässbohrer-Bilcon Motor Cor.丹麦凯斯鲍尔-比尔科恩汽车公司
Kenworth Truck Company美国肯沃特载货车公司
Kia Motors Coporation.韩国起亚汽车公司
Land Rover Ltd.英国兰德•罗孚汽车有限公司
Leyland Motor Corp. Ltd.澳大利亚利兰汽车有限公司
Liberec Automobilove Zavody.捷克利波瑞克汽车厂
Lincoln-Mercury Division.美国福特汽车公司林肯-默寇利部
Lotus Cars Ltd.英国洛特斯（莲花）汽车公司
LUAZ Automobilnyj Zavod乌克兰卢阿斯汽车制造厂
Mahindra & Mahindra Ltd.印度马亨德拉汽车有限公司
MAN AG德国曼汽车股份公司
Marcos Cars英国麦克汽车公司
Maruti Udyog Ltd.印度马鲁蒂汽车有限公司
Maserati S.P.A.意大利马赛拉蒂汽车公司
Mazda Auto Limited南非马自达汽车有限公司
Mazda Motor Corp.日本马自达汽车（株）公司
Mercedes do Brasil巴西默谢台斯公司
Mercedes-Benz AG.德国默谢台斯-本茨股份汽车公司
Mercedes-Benz Cor.西班牙墨谢台斯-本茨汽车公司
Mercedes-Benz India Ltd.印度默谢台斯-本茨汽车有限公司
Mercury Motor Company美国福特汽车公司默寇利部
Micro Compact Car (MCC) GmbH德国本茨公司微型轿车有限公司
Mitsubishi Heavy Industies Ltd.日本三菱重工（株）公司
Mitsubishi Motors Ltd.澳大利亚三菱汽车有限公司
Monteverdi Automobiles Ltd.瑞士蒙特维尔蒂汽车有限公司
Morgan Motor Co. Ltd.英国摩根汽车有限公司
Nissan Motor Co. Ltd.日本日产汽车（株）有限公司
Nuova Automobili Feruccio Lamborghini S.P.A.意大利兰宝希尼汽车公司
OAO GAZ俄罗斯嘎斯汽车公司
Oldsmobile Division美国通用汽车公司奥兹莫比尔部
Opel Irmscher GmbH.德国奥贝尔•依尔姆汽车有限股份公司
Otosan Otomobil Sanayi A.S.土耳其奥托桑汽车股份公司
Oyak-Renault Automobil Fabrikalari A.S土耳其雷诺汽车公司
Perusahaan otmobil Nasional Sdn Bhd马来西亚国营汽车公司（普鲁登）
Peugeot Ltd.印度标致汽车有限公司
Pitesti Auto Cor.罗马尼亚皮特斯蒂汽车公司
Pontiac Division美国通用汽车公司旁蒂克部
Porsche KG德国波尔舍公司
Regie nationale des Usines Renault法国国营雷诺汽车公司
Renault Argentina S.A.阿根廷雷诺汽车公司
Rolls-Royce Motors Ltd.英国罗尔斯-罗依斯汽车有限公司
Rom Garmel Industries Ltd.以色列罗姆•卡尔梅汽车工业公司
Rover Cars英国罗孚汽车 Rover Group Ltd.英国罗孚汽车集团有限公司
S.C. Automobile Dacia S.A.罗马尼亚达西亚汽车公司
Saab Automobile AB.瑞典萨伯汽车公司
Safrar-Peugeot阿根廷标致汽车公司
Saturn Corporation美国土星汽车公司
SeatSA西班牙西特汽车公司（属大众公司）
Second Automobile Works Co. (SAW)中国第二汽车厂公司
Shanghai Automobile Industry Co. (SAIC)中国上海汽车工业股份公司
Shanghai Volkswagen Automotive Co. (SVW)中国上海大众汽车公司
Shenlong Automobiles Corporation中国神龙汽车公司
SISU AB.芬兰锡苏汽车公司
Ssang Yong Motors Co.Ltd.韩国双龙汽车有限公司
Suzuki Motor Co.Ltd.日本铃木汽车（株）有限公司
Suzuki-Santana Motor S.A.西班牙铃木-桑塔纳汽车公司
Talbort Cor.法国塔尔伯特汽车公司
TAS Tvornica Automobila Sarajevo(波黑)萨拉热窝汽车厂
Tata Motor Vehicle Import印度塔塔汽车进口公司
Tatra Kombinat捷克太脱拉联合公司
Tempo Auto Ltd.印度速度汽车有限公司
The Premier Automobiles Ltd.印度总理汽车有限公司
Tofas Oto Ticaret A.S.土耳其托法斯汽车公司
Toyata do Brasil S/A巴西丰田汽车公司
Toyata Ltd.南非丰田汽车有限公司
Toyata Motor Corp.Ltd.日本丰田汽车（株）有限公司
Toyata Motor Corporation Ltd.澳大利亚丰田汽车有限公司
Toyo Kogyo Co. Ltd.东洋工业株式会社（马自达）
TVR Engineering Ltd.英国TVR工程有限公司
Vauxhall Motor Ltd.英国伏克斯豪尔汽车公司（属GM公司）
Volkswagen AG.德国大众汽车股份公司
Volkswagen Argentina SA.阿根廷大众汽车公司
Volkswagen Bruxelles S.A.比利时布鲁塞尔大众汽车公司
Volkswagen de Mexiico SA墨西哥大众汽车公司
Volkswagen do Brasil S.A.巴西大众汽车公司
Volkswagen of Nigeria Ltd.尼日利亚大众汽车公司
Volkswagen of South Africa Ltd.南非大众汽车公司
Volvo Car Corp.瑞典沃尔沃汽车公司
Xiali Automobiles Factory中国天津夏利小型汽车厂
Yunque Guizhou Aero Space Industry Corp.中国贵州云雀航空工业公司
Zavodi Crvena Zastava 南斯拉夫扎斯塔瓦汽车厂
Zavodi Grvena Zastava南斯拉夫红旗汽车厂
ZAZAvtozavod.乌克兰扎波罗代汽车厂公司
Wednesday, 12 December 2007
How is the demand to reduce global warming influencing current developments in technology or engineering?
INTRODUCTION
Global warming has become one of the most important focuses in modern life. With the development of industry and the activities of human beings, lots of “greenhouse” gases have been emitted into the atmosphere. The “greenhouse” gases include carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrogen oxide (NO2), etc, which make our earth and its atmosphere a “huge greenhouse” (Rosenthal and Golden, 1991). The greenhouse effect makes our earth getting warmer. It is said that “the global average air temperature near the Earth's surface rose 0.74 ± 0.18 °C (1.33 ± 0.32 °F) during the last 100 years.” (Wikipedia a) The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) concludes, "most of the observed increase in globally averaged temperatures since the mid-20th century is very likely due to the observed increase in anthropogenic greenhouse gas concentrations" via the greenhouse effect (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change , 2007).
The International Energy Agency states that “three fourths of the CO2 volumes formed as a result of human activity are emitted when producing and using fossil fuels”( IEEE power engineering society energy development and power generation committee, 2003). As the results of this, great demands in technology have been needed in order to reduce global warming. This paper is going to talk about the development of technologies and the demands of technology changes by the results of global warming.
SECONDARY RESEARCH
With the results of global warming, the changes in technology and engineering are obvious. Scientists consider that, in technical ways, it is more efficient to control the emission of greenhouse gases than reduce the mass of such gases which already exist in the atmosphere. They focus their researches on many technologies, such as Thermal Energy and Power Engineering, Green Energy (especially the substitutes of fossil fuel), Vehicle Engineering, Transport Control and Management Systems and Forest Technology. The developments of these technologies are considered to be of great demanded and of widely used. Some of them have already proved to benefit reducing global worming.
I Thermal Energy and Power Engineering
1 District Heating (DH) & Combined Heat and Power
“A District Heating & Combine Heat and Power” system is a way that provides heat and power to one part of residents, institutions and commercial establishments with one source of energy. (Ouje-Bougoumou, 1996) “One source of producing energy replaces having each building individually heated by conventional means such as oil furnaces or baseboard electric heaters.” (Ouje-Bougoumou, 1996) District Heating (DH) and Combined Heat and Power (CHP) are now mature, which are well-established technology and implemented at a wide range of scales from city-wide to individual buildings.(IEA, 2002-2005) “They are technologies that can deliver lower energy costs, improvements in local air quality and a reduction in CO2 emissions, which will help limit global warming.” (IEA, 2002-2005)
2 Air Pollution Control Technology
Reducing the emission of air pollutants into the atmosphere depends on air pollution control technology. “Many technologies are applied toward this purpose and the technology for the collection and treatment of pollutants such as dust collector and exhaust gas desulfurization and denitrification equipment is spreading widely” (Overseas Environmental Cooperation Center, 1998). In order to limit the emissions of industrial exhaust and greenhouse gas, air pollution control technology has been introduced into factories. Some technical principles and basic process have been proved with the purpose of reducing emissions and some apparatus have been invented to limit and eliminate pollutants. These technologies can “bring about a considerable decrease in atmospheric pollutants.” (B. Bretschneider J. Kurfürst, 1987)
II Green Energy
Green energy is a kind of energy that causes little exhaust pollution or even no pollution at all. (Wikipedia, b) Wind power, Hydropower and Solar energy are considered the ideal green energy in the future. They are expected to replace the conventional energy (fossil-fuel energy) for the purpose of decreasing greenhouse gas emission.
“Wind power is the conversion of wind energy into useful forms, such as electricity, using wind turbines.” (Wikipedia, c) It is said that “there is an estimated 50 to 100 times more wind energy than plant biomass energy available on Earth” (Wikipedia, c) and hundreds of wind power generators have been built since in Cumbria, Wales, Yorkshire, Northern Ireland and Scotland.(BBC, a)
Hydropower is produced by water driving turbines which in turn produce electricity. Campaigners said that hydro electricity is greener because water can be stored behind dams and used to create electricity when needed most. It generates 20% of the world’s power. (BBC, b)
Nowadays, the electricity form nuclear power is becoming popular. With the controlled nuclear chain reaction, the heat from this reaction is used for boiling water. And the steam drives a steam turbine, which can be used to generate electricity. (Wikipedia, d) Nuclear power is cleaner because this process doesn’t produce greenhouse gases.
Solar energy is energy from the sun. “Earth receives 174 petawatts of incoming solar radiation (insolation) at the upper atmosphere at any given time.” (Wikipedia, e). It’s clean, renewable, widely distributed and endless. Solar energy has been used in both heating hot water and generated electricity. But solar energy is of little energy density. So how to use it in more effective ways is the direction of future research.
III Vehicle Engineering
A shift of technology and design can contribute to the improvements in the energy efficiency of motor vehicles. In addition, it can decrease the emission of greenhouse gases. (Ainsley Jolley, 2004)
Hybrid Vehicle Hybrid electric vehicles combine two kinds of power sources that make both of them work in its ideal condition. “The internal combustion engine in this case could be small, efficient and clean because it runs at one design speed.” (Katharina Kroger, Malcolm Fergusson and Ian Skinner, 2003) So it is more efficient of fuel consumption and less exhaust than conventional engine.
Fuel Cell Fuel cell is such a kind of power “battery” that takes hydrogen and oxygen to produce electricity and water by putting them through a chemical reaction. (Ainsley Jolley, 2004) With persistent air quality problems forcing ever tighter emission standards, the fuel cell appears to be offering the sort of ‘emissions free’ performance which battery-powered electric cars have so long failed to deliver. (Katharina Kroger, Malcolm Fergusson and Ian Skinner, 2003)
Biochemical “Biofuels are one of the few options for producing liquid (or indeed gaseous) fuel for conventional motor vehicles from non-fossil sources.” (Katharina Kroger, Malcolm Fergusson and Ian Skinner, 2003) They can offer a substantial reduction in CO2 emissions and be used in conventional engines.
IV Transport Control and Management Systems
Transport control and management systems are one part of transport technologies which can significantly improve the efficiency of traffic. For example, Urban Freight Systems and Intelligent Transportation Systems. “They are largely based on the use of advanced information technologies to provide information which greatly increases the scope for efficient traffic management (not only through advanced signaling systems but also through the use of traffic simulation systems), makes road pricing more feasible and provides advanced traveler information and driver assistance.” (Ainsley Jolley, 2004) With this system, drivers won’t be stranded in traffic jams and waste fuel. It reduces the global warming indirectly.
V Forest Technology
Forestry technology is a way to reduce the mass of such greenhouse gases which has already existed in the atmosphere. It is said that planting trees in the tropics is better than in other places because of albedo. (Physics Forums, 2007) With bioengineering, people can change the genes of trees and plant tees in appropriate areas, which could benefit to deduce the mass of greenhouse gases.
According to the survey of Madsen, Gorke and Sargent (2005, P5), it is said that energy efficiency must play a prominent role in Northeast America’s overall global warming strategy for achieving the greatest reduction in pollution at the least cost. The government forecast showed that “demand for electricity in Northeast America will increase 23 percent by 2020, making cuts in global warming pollution more difficult and more expensive than they need to be.” (Madsen, Gorke and Sargent, 2005)
Many automakers are already beginning to use some new technologies in their new vehicles. The need of reducing greenhouse gases is “encouraging research and development on fuel economy, the use of alternative fuels, and the development of fuel cell-powered engines.” (Ainsley Jolley, 2004)
“The transport sector remains the principal area of concern with respect to global warming.” said Ainsley Jolley. (2004, P2) He believed transport control and management systems should play a prominent role in mitigating the effect of global warming.
RESEARCH AIM
The research focuses on what engineers think are the most important technologies to reduce global warming and what kind of effects global warming affects their life. Because the engineers are those who are going to reduce global warming by their own hands, their attitudes about the demand of technology should be the trend of this area.
RESEARCH METHODS
The engineers’ attitudes about recent technology development were gathered from questionnaires. (Appendix) The subjects in the study are 34 engineers from China, Mexico, USA, Saudi Arabia and Iran. 19 of them were asked by e-mail and another 11 answered the questionnaire on line. The rest 4 were asked face-to-face. Their jobs are all related to global warming, such as the environment, thermal energy and power engineering, vehicle engineering, chemistry, fuel technology, transport engineering, fuel technology and forest technology. 26 of them are working in a factory (Donfeng Motor Cororation, China and Dongfeng Peugeot, China) and 8 of them are studying or doing researches in the university (5 in Brunel University, UK; 2 in Hunan University, China and 1 in Chicago University, USA). The questions include “What kinds of effect do you think it affect your life?”; “Who do you think should do more to solve the problem of global warming?” and which technologies do they think is greatly demand, demand or no demand and the reason.
RESULTS
88% of the people thought that global warming would affect their daily life. The rest of them said they had no idea about the effects.
When asked what kind of effect the global warming affected their lives. 23% of them said the temperature rose and they would feel uncomfortable. In addition, nearly half (46%) of them believed that the climate changes in recent years were by the results of global warming. And 31% of them seemed to be care more about the rising price of products (such as cars, the electricity) in recent years. (See Figure 1)
43% of the engineers said that the government should take the main responsibility to solve the problem of global warming. 29% of them thought the public should do more to solve this problem. But only 19% of the engineers considered that they should act the most important part for solving global warming, just more than organizations (9%). (See Figure 2)
In the questionnaire, there are some technologies in our daily life today. Each of them could reduce the emission of green house gas directly or indirectly. All of them could lower the global warming problem. The engineers were asked to choose which one was of great demand, demand and even not demand and gave the reasons why they thought so. (See Figure 3)
In the thermal energy and power engineering area, over 70% of the engineers said that Air Pollution Control Technology is most greatly needed of reducing global warming. The rest of them thought it is important to develop this technology to solve this problem. None of them said it was not demand in recent years. On the other hand, nearly 30% of them considered District Heating (DH) & Combined Heat and Power as greatly demand. But almost 20% of the people thought it was useless to develop it.
When mentioned green energy, most of them (59%) chose solar energy as the most demand one. The following one is Electricity from hydropower and Electricity from Wind Power. Although 4 people thought wind power was not demanded, more than 90% of the engineers said that these two kinds of energies were demanded or even greatly demanded. However, they seemed to pay less attention to nuclear power. Over 70% of them said it was just demanded and even 5 of them considered it useless.
Because most of the informers were vehicle engineers, they held so many different views. It is obvious that Exhaust control of vehicles is the most important. Over half of them considered it as the most demanded technologies to solve global warming right now. What’s more, the advanced design of vehicle is important, which could make it uses fuel in the more efficient way. The Hybrid Vehicle technology was also stressed. Nearly 90% of the engineers said it is over “demanded” level. It was not surprising that 5 of them held the opposite view. However, the demands of new fuel technologies were more controversial. Few of engineers said biochemical oil and fuel cell were of great demanded. But 61% of them said that fuel cell was not of demand, while 29% of them believed biochemical oil was not important. They prefer hydrogen as a new fuel of vehicle. 29% of them thought it was great needed and 51% of them said it is important.
Transport Control and Management Systems are a great demanded (44%) technology to decrease greenhouse gas emission. And the same percents of people held the view that it was important.
1/3 of the questioned engineers said that planting trees are of greatly demanded technology. Despite 12% of them thought that the technology changes in planting trees were useless, nearly half of them said it is demanded to be developed to solve global warming.
DISCUSSION
From the data, it can be seen that global warming is considered as a problem which is affecting people’s daily lives. Global warming is not only a theory or an assumption in the future but a situation which we need to face right now. As they said, people have already suffered the uncomfortable effects in their lives. They noticed the rising temperature and climate changes. What’s more, the price of products is rising by the results of global warming because more technologies should be introduced in order to handle this problem.
However, it is surprising that most of the engineers thought they don’t take the main responsibility to solve global warming. The government and the public should do more. Solving this problem can’t only rely on the technical betterments. It is the same as fire-fighting. No matter how efficient the fire extinguishers are and what sensitive a fire sensor has been used, the most important thing is how to avoid fire. It is said that avoiding the problem before it comes is more important than solving the problem after it has happened.
Although a lot of technologies could contribute to decrease global warming, only a few of them are the most demanded in recent development.
Firstly, in the thermal energy and power engineering area, Air Pollution Control Technology is the most greatly demanded. Most greenhouse gas is from the emission of industry so the worldwide air pollution is responsible for the climate changes and rising temperature. Air Pollution Control is not a new technology and engineers and scientists have done a lot of research on it. The system needs to improve and more suitable catalysis needs to be found. It is said that this technology needs less investment but it is a more efficient solution to reduce global warming.
Secondly, among these same ways to product electricity, the engineers strongly recommend solar energy as the most important energy in the future. It is free, endless, easy to get and it can be widely used. What’s more, it is zero-pollution. But there are also some disadvantages of solar energy, such as its higher cost, little density. But these problems can’t restrict the development. Most developed countries invest lots of money to accelerate the development of solar energy technology. If fossil energy can be totally replaced by solar energy, the global warming problem could be completely solved. Although it has a long way to go, the engineers believe that it will come to be .
It is not surprising that electricity from hydropower and wind power is thought to be demanded in these areas. They have already been used for a long time. And it is clean. But it is expensive to built hydropower stations, and the effects of the environment for hydropower projects are still being discussed. However, there are much more opposite voices for the use of nuclear power. The safety of nuclear power is also a big problem. The harm of nuclear pollution is more serious than global warming. So with the engineers’ view, it needs carefulness to development nuclear power.
Thirdly, in vehicle engineering, most of the engineers agree to improve the design of vehicles for using fuel in the more efficient way. They have many suggestions. For example:
1/ Using new materials in body and other components production (carbon-fibre or other composite materials, and also lighter metal alloys) which reduce mass can improve the efficiency of using fuel;
2/ Using streamline shape, using sophisticated body design and reduced frontal areas, aimed at reducing the friction with the air in order to decrease vehicle’s drag coefficient;
3/ Using high-pressure, low-rolling resistance tires;
4/ Redesigning the engine, bumpers and other components to reduce weight and the friction loss;
5/ Using electric control systems to make every part work together.
However, there are more controversies in using new fuel. In this survey, it is surprising that engineers didn’t have much passion on biochemical oil and fuel cell which are thought to be strongly demanded in other surveys. One engineer presented the reason was that biochemical oil and fuel cell are just transitions. They also produce greenhouse gases and the use of them is just to reduce global warming, not solve the problem completely. Hydrogen is considered as the ideal fuel in the future though there are some technical bottlenecks to be solved. And the combining of fuel cell and hydrogen could be perfect for vehicles in the future. Therefore, scientists and engineers should find appropriate ways to get lots of hydrogen in economical ways.
Fourthly, Transport control and Management Systems can contribute a lot for the reducing of global warming. It could advise the drivers to choose a driving route and guide them the driving without stopping. With this system, tons of fuel could be saved because the driver would not wait in traffic jams and waste their fuel. Especially in large cities, the efficient traffic systems are greatly demanded.
Finally, forest technology is demanded to decrease the mass of such gas which already existed in the atmosphere. With bioengineering, we can change the genes of trees, which could grow more easily in heavy polluted districts and absorb greenhouse gases. One engineer said that although planting tree is not the most efficient way, it can benefit a lot besides reducing global warming.
CONCLUSION
The findings of this study suggest that, global warming is a problem that affects people’s daily lives and great changes and demands in technologies need to be taken place. The government should take the most responsibility to solve global warming and set up laws or rules to restrict the emission of greenhouse gases.
It is said that, in technical ways, it is more efficient to control the emission of greenhouse gases than reduce the mass of such gas which already existed in the atmosphere. So the technologies which can reduce the emission of greenhouse gases should be greatly demanded to reduce global warming.
In details, Air Pollution Control (Eliminate Contamination) is considered the most efficient way to reduce global warming. It should be taken much more attentions in this research. Solar energy is the most focused energy now. The government should attach importance to its development. In vehicle engineering, exhaust control is the same important as advancing the design of vehicles by the results of global warming. Hydrogen will be the perfect fuel for vehicles in the future. Great strength should be taken in this field. Transport control and management systems and forest technology are also important. It is said that avoiding the problem before it comes is more important than solving the problem after it has happened. So the development of technologies should focus on how to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases in its “headstream”.
There are some limitations of this research:
1 The subjects can’t represent the majority the engineers’ attitudes. The sample is limited;
2 The questions are too general to get specific ideas;
3 The research is about technology development all over the world. However, because different countries have different situations, the results may be useless to some parts of the world.
The following are some recommended research studies which might shed more light on the development of technologies to reduce global warming:
1 The subject can be more wide. It needs more engineers or even scientists to answer the questionnaire. It is better that the engineers come from all over the world of vast occupations.
2 The questions can be more specific, and get the reasons to their answers.
3 The survey can be taken in a single country. Results from the specific survey could be more useful.
Word count: 3529
REFERRENCES
Ainsley Jolley, 2004, ‘New Technologies, Industry Developments and Emission Trends in Key Sectors: The Land Transportation Sector’, viewed November 22, 2007 http://www.cfses.com/documents/climate/01_Jolley_Land_Transportation_Sector.PDF.
BBC, a, Global Warming, ‘Wind power’, viewed November 22, 2007
http://news.bbc.co.uk/cbbcnews/hi/find_out/guides/world/global_warming/newsid_2794000/2794663.stm.
BBC, b, Global Warming, ‘Water power (hydro electricity)’, viewed November 22,2007
http://news.bbc.co.uk/cbbcnews/hi/find_out/guides/world/global_warming/newsid_2794000/2794961.stm.
B. Bretschneider J. Kurfürst, 1987, ‘Air Pollution Control Technology’, ISBN:0-444-98985-4.
IEA, 2002-2005, District Heating and Cooling, ‘A Comparison of distributed CHP/DH with large-scale CHP/DH’, viewed November 22, 2007
http://www.iea-dhc.org/010601.html.
IEEE power engineering society energy development and power generation committee, IEEE 2003 General Meeting, Toronto, Canada, ‘Developments in technology to limit greenhouse gas emission in Europe# extended full length papers’, 13-17 July 2003.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 05-02-2007, ‘Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.’
Katharina Kroger, Malcolm Fergusson and Ian Skinner, 2003, ‘Critical Issues in Decarbonising Transport: The Role of Technologies’, viewed November 22, 2007, http://www.tyndall.ac.uk/publications/working_papers/wp36.pdf.
Madsen T, Gorke T and Sargent T, August 2005, ‘Energy Efficiency: The Smart Way to Reduce Global Warming Pollution in the Northeast’, P5-P7, viewed November 27, 2007, http://www.massclimateaction.org/RGGI/PIRGEnergyEfficiency0805.pdf.
Ouje-Bougoumou, 1996, ‘District Heating System’, viewed November 22, 2007
http://www.ouje.ca/content/our-story/energy.php.
Overseas Environment Cooperation Center, March 1998, ‘Air pollution Control Technology Manual’, P145, viewed November 27, 2007, http://www.env.go.jp/earth/coop/coop/materials/01-apctme/contents.html.
Physics Forums, 2007, viewed November 22, 2007, ‘Wouldn't growing trees solve Global Warming?’
http://www.physicsforums.com/showthread.php?t=173209&page=2.
Wikipedia, a, ‘Global warming’, viewed November 22, 2007
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warming.
Wikipedia, b, ‘Green energy’, viewed November 27, 2007, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_energy.
Wikipedia, c, ‘Wind power’, viewed November 22, 2007
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power.
Wikipedia, d, ‘Nuclear power’, viewed November 22, 2007, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_power.
Wikipedia, e, ‘Solar energy’, viewed November 22, 2007,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_energy.
APPENDIX
Questionnaire
The demand of technology to reduce global warming
For our course at Brunel international, we are conducting a survey on that “How is the demand to reduce global warming influencing current developments in technology or engineering?” The questionnaire should take less than 5 min to complete. Your answer is important for the survey. Thank you for your help!
1/ What’s your occupation?
2/ Do you think global warming will affect your daily life?
A Yes, I think it will. □
B No, it won’t. □
C I don’t know □
3/ If you say yes, what kind of effect do you think it affects your life? (If you say no, go to QUESTION 4)
A The temperature rises and I will feel uncomfortable; □
B The climate changes □
C The price of products (such as vehicles) will increase because there are more technologies in them by the results of global warming. □
D Others
4/ Who do you think should do more to solve the problem of global warming?
A Engineers and scientists □
B The public □
C Governments □
D Organizations □
E Others
5/ In the following statement, there are some technologies in our daily lives today. Each of them could reduce the emission of greenhouse gases directly or indirectly and lower the global warming problem. Please tick which one do you think is of “great demand”, “demand” or “not of demand” to reduce global warming in current development of technology and engineering. (If you tick “Great Demand” or “Not Demand”, please give the reason:)
Technologies Great demand Demand Not demand
A District Heating & Combine Heat and power □ □ □
B Electricity from wind power □ □ □
C Electricity from hydropower (water power) □ □ □
D Nuclear power □ □ □
E Solar energy □ □ □
F Eliminate contamination □ □ □
G Advance the design of vehicles to use fuel in □ □ □
more efficient ways
H Hybrid vehicle □ □ □
I Exhaust control of vehicle □ □ □
J Hydrogen as a new fuel of vehicle □ □ □
K Fuel cell as a new fuel of vehicle □ □ □
L Biochemical oil as a new fuel of vehicle □ □ □
M Transport control and management systems □ □ □
N Plant trees with bioengineering, □ □ □
which absorb greenhouse gas and easy grow easily
Thank you very much!
Global warming has become one of the most important focuses in modern life. With the development of industry and the activities of human beings, lots of “greenhouse” gases have been emitted into the atmosphere. The “greenhouse” gases include carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrogen oxide (NO2), etc, which make our earth and its atmosphere a “huge greenhouse” (Rosenthal and Golden, 1991). The greenhouse effect makes our earth getting warmer. It is said that “the global average air temperature near the Earth's surface rose 0.74 ± 0.18 °C (1.33 ± 0.32 °F) during the last 100 years.” (Wikipedia a) The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) concludes, "most of the observed increase in globally averaged temperatures since the mid-20th century is very likely due to the observed increase in anthropogenic greenhouse gas concentrations" via the greenhouse effect (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change , 2007).
The International Energy Agency states that “three fourths of the CO2 volumes formed as a result of human activity are emitted when producing and using fossil fuels”( IEEE power engineering society energy development and power generation committee, 2003). As the results of this, great demands in technology have been needed in order to reduce global warming. This paper is going to talk about the development of technologies and the demands of technology changes by the results of global warming.
SECONDARY RESEARCH
With the results of global warming, the changes in technology and engineering are obvious. Scientists consider that, in technical ways, it is more efficient to control the emission of greenhouse gases than reduce the mass of such gases which already exist in the atmosphere. They focus their researches on many technologies, such as Thermal Energy and Power Engineering, Green Energy (especially the substitutes of fossil fuel), Vehicle Engineering, Transport Control and Management Systems and Forest Technology. The developments of these technologies are considered to be of great demanded and of widely used. Some of them have already proved to benefit reducing global worming.
I Thermal Energy and Power Engineering
1 District Heating (DH) & Combined Heat and Power
“A District Heating & Combine Heat and Power” system is a way that provides heat and power to one part of residents, institutions and commercial establishments with one source of energy. (Ouje-Bougoumou, 1996) “One source of producing energy replaces having each building individually heated by conventional means such as oil furnaces or baseboard electric heaters.” (Ouje-Bougoumou, 1996) District Heating (DH) and Combined Heat and Power (CHP) are now mature, which are well-established technology and implemented at a wide range of scales from city-wide to individual buildings.(IEA, 2002-2005) “They are technologies that can deliver lower energy costs, improvements in local air quality and a reduction in CO2 emissions, which will help limit global warming.” (IEA, 2002-2005)
2 Air Pollution Control Technology
Reducing the emission of air pollutants into the atmosphere depends on air pollution control technology. “Many technologies are applied toward this purpose and the technology for the collection and treatment of pollutants such as dust collector and exhaust gas desulfurization and denitrification equipment is spreading widely” (Overseas Environmental Cooperation Center, 1998). In order to limit the emissions of industrial exhaust and greenhouse gas, air pollution control technology has been introduced into factories. Some technical principles and basic process have been proved with the purpose of reducing emissions and some apparatus have been invented to limit and eliminate pollutants. These technologies can “bring about a considerable decrease in atmospheric pollutants.” (B. Bretschneider J. Kurfürst, 1987)
II Green Energy
Green energy is a kind of energy that causes little exhaust pollution or even no pollution at all. (Wikipedia, b) Wind power, Hydropower and Solar energy are considered the ideal green energy in the future. They are expected to replace the conventional energy (fossil-fuel energy) for the purpose of decreasing greenhouse gas emission.
“Wind power is the conversion of wind energy into useful forms, such as electricity, using wind turbines.” (Wikipedia, c) It is said that “there is an estimated 50 to 100 times more wind energy than plant biomass energy available on Earth” (Wikipedia, c) and hundreds of wind power generators have been built since in Cumbria, Wales, Yorkshire, Northern Ireland and Scotland.(BBC, a)
Hydropower is produced by water driving turbines which in turn produce electricity. Campaigners said that hydro electricity is greener because water can be stored behind dams and used to create electricity when needed most. It generates 20% of the world’s power. (BBC, b)
Nowadays, the electricity form nuclear power is becoming popular. With the controlled nuclear chain reaction, the heat from this reaction is used for boiling water. And the steam drives a steam turbine, which can be used to generate electricity. (Wikipedia, d) Nuclear power is cleaner because this process doesn’t produce greenhouse gases.
Solar energy is energy from the sun. “Earth receives 174 petawatts of incoming solar radiation (insolation) at the upper atmosphere at any given time.” (Wikipedia, e). It’s clean, renewable, widely distributed and endless. Solar energy has been used in both heating hot water and generated electricity. But solar energy is of little energy density. So how to use it in more effective ways is the direction of future research.
III Vehicle Engineering
A shift of technology and design can contribute to the improvements in the energy efficiency of motor vehicles. In addition, it can decrease the emission of greenhouse gases. (Ainsley Jolley, 2004)
Hybrid Vehicle Hybrid electric vehicles combine two kinds of power sources that make both of them work in its ideal condition. “The internal combustion engine in this case could be small, efficient and clean because it runs at one design speed.” (Katharina Kroger, Malcolm Fergusson and Ian Skinner, 2003) So it is more efficient of fuel consumption and less exhaust than conventional engine.
Fuel Cell Fuel cell is such a kind of power “battery” that takes hydrogen and oxygen to produce electricity and water by putting them through a chemical reaction. (Ainsley Jolley, 2004) With persistent air quality problems forcing ever tighter emission standards, the fuel cell appears to be offering the sort of ‘emissions free’ performance which battery-powered electric cars have so long failed to deliver. (Katharina Kroger, Malcolm Fergusson and Ian Skinner, 2003)
Biochemical “Biofuels are one of the few options for producing liquid (or indeed gaseous) fuel for conventional motor vehicles from non-fossil sources.” (Katharina Kroger, Malcolm Fergusson and Ian Skinner, 2003) They can offer a substantial reduction in CO2 emissions and be used in conventional engines.
IV Transport Control and Management Systems
Transport control and management systems are one part of transport technologies which can significantly improve the efficiency of traffic. For example, Urban Freight Systems and Intelligent Transportation Systems. “They are largely based on the use of advanced information technologies to provide information which greatly increases the scope for efficient traffic management (not only through advanced signaling systems but also through the use of traffic simulation systems), makes road pricing more feasible and provides advanced traveler information and driver assistance.” (Ainsley Jolley, 2004) With this system, drivers won’t be stranded in traffic jams and waste fuel. It reduces the global warming indirectly.
V Forest Technology
Forestry technology is a way to reduce the mass of such greenhouse gases which has already existed in the atmosphere. It is said that planting trees in the tropics is better than in other places because of albedo. (Physics Forums, 2007) With bioengineering, people can change the genes of trees and plant tees in appropriate areas, which could benefit to deduce the mass of greenhouse gases.
According to the survey of Madsen, Gorke and Sargent (2005, P5), it is said that energy efficiency must play a prominent role in Northeast America’s overall global warming strategy for achieving the greatest reduction in pollution at the least cost. The government forecast showed that “demand for electricity in Northeast America will increase 23 percent by 2020, making cuts in global warming pollution more difficult and more expensive than they need to be.” (Madsen, Gorke and Sargent, 2005)
Many automakers are already beginning to use some new technologies in their new vehicles. The need of reducing greenhouse gases is “encouraging research and development on fuel economy, the use of alternative fuels, and the development of fuel cell-powered engines.” (Ainsley Jolley, 2004)
“The transport sector remains the principal area of concern with respect to global warming.” said Ainsley Jolley. (2004, P2) He believed transport control and management systems should play a prominent role in mitigating the effect of global warming.
RESEARCH AIM
The research focuses on what engineers think are the most important technologies to reduce global warming and what kind of effects global warming affects their life. Because the engineers are those who are going to reduce global warming by their own hands, their attitudes about the demand of technology should be the trend of this area.
RESEARCH METHODS
The engineers’ attitudes about recent technology development were gathered from questionnaires. (Appendix) The subjects in the study are 34 engineers from China, Mexico, USA, Saudi Arabia and Iran. 19 of them were asked by e-mail and another 11 answered the questionnaire on line. The rest 4 were asked face-to-face. Their jobs are all related to global warming, such as the environment, thermal energy and power engineering, vehicle engineering, chemistry, fuel technology, transport engineering, fuel technology and forest technology. 26 of them are working in a factory (Donfeng Motor Cororation, China and Dongfeng Peugeot, China) and 8 of them are studying or doing researches in the university (5 in Brunel University, UK; 2 in Hunan University, China and 1 in Chicago University, USA). The questions include “What kinds of effect do you think it affect your life?”; “Who do you think should do more to solve the problem of global warming?” and which technologies do they think is greatly demand, demand or no demand and the reason.
RESULTS
88% of the people thought that global warming would affect their daily life. The rest of them said they had no idea about the effects.
When asked what kind of effect the global warming affected their lives. 23% of them said the temperature rose and they would feel uncomfortable. In addition, nearly half (46%) of them believed that the climate changes in recent years were by the results of global warming. And 31% of them seemed to be care more about the rising price of products (such as cars, the electricity) in recent years. (See Figure 1)
43% of the engineers said that the government should take the main responsibility to solve the problem of global warming. 29% of them thought the public should do more to solve this problem. But only 19% of the engineers considered that they should act the most important part for solving global warming, just more than organizations (9%). (See Figure 2)
In the questionnaire, there are some technologies in our daily life today. Each of them could reduce the emission of green house gas directly or indirectly. All of them could lower the global warming problem. The engineers were asked to choose which one was of great demand, demand and even not demand and gave the reasons why they thought so. (See Figure 3)
In the thermal energy and power engineering area, over 70% of the engineers said that Air Pollution Control Technology is most greatly needed of reducing global warming. The rest of them thought it is important to develop this technology to solve this problem. None of them said it was not demand in recent years. On the other hand, nearly 30% of them considered District Heating (DH) & Combined Heat and Power as greatly demand. But almost 20% of the people thought it was useless to develop it.
When mentioned green energy, most of them (59%) chose solar energy as the most demand one. The following one is Electricity from hydropower and Electricity from Wind Power. Although 4 people thought wind power was not demanded, more than 90% of the engineers said that these two kinds of energies were demanded or even greatly demanded. However, they seemed to pay less attention to nuclear power. Over 70% of them said it was just demanded and even 5 of them considered it useless.
Because most of the informers were vehicle engineers, they held so many different views. It is obvious that Exhaust control of vehicles is the most important. Over half of them considered it as the most demanded technologies to solve global warming right now. What’s more, the advanced design of vehicle is important, which could make it uses fuel in the more efficient way. The Hybrid Vehicle technology was also stressed. Nearly 90% of the engineers said it is over “demanded” level. It was not surprising that 5 of them held the opposite view. However, the demands of new fuel technologies were more controversial. Few of engineers said biochemical oil and fuel cell were of great demanded. But 61% of them said that fuel cell was not of demand, while 29% of them believed biochemical oil was not important. They prefer hydrogen as a new fuel of vehicle. 29% of them thought it was great needed and 51% of them said it is important.
Transport Control and Management Systems are a great demanded (44%) technology to decrease greenhouse gas emission. And the same percents of people held the view that it was important.
1/3 of the questioned engineers said that planting trees are of greatly demanded technology. Despite 12% of them thought that the technology changes in planting trees were useless, nearly half of them said it is demanded to be developed to solve global warming.
DISCUSSION
From the data, it can be seen that global warming is considered as a problem which is affecting people’s daily lives. Global warming is not only a theory or an assumption in the future but a situation which we need to face right now. As they said, people have already suffered the uncomfortable effects in their lives. They noticed the rising temperature and climate changes. What’s more, the price of products is rising by the results of global warming because more technologies should be introduced in order to handle this problem.
However, it is surprising that most of the engineers thought they don’t take the main responsibility to solve global warming. The government and the public should do more. Solving this problem can’t only rely on the technical betterments. It is the same as fire-fighting. No matter how efficient the fire extinguishers are and what sensitive a fire sensor has been used, the most important thing is how to avoid fire. It is said that avoiding the problem before it comes is more important than solving the problem after it has happened.
Although a lot of technologies could contribute to decrease global warming, only a few of them are the most demanded in recent development.
Firstly, in the thermal energy and power engineering area, Air Pollution Control Technology is the most greatly demanded. Most greenhouse gas is from the emission of industry so the worldwide air pollution is responsible for the climate changes and rising temperature. Air Pollution Control is not a new technology and engineers and scientists have done a lot of research on it. The system needs to improve and more suitable catalysis needs to be found. It is said that this technology needs less investment but it is a more efficient solution to reduce global warming.
Secondly, among these same ways to product electricity, the engineers strongly recommend solar energy as the most important energy in the future. It is free, endless, easy to get and it can be widely used. What’s more, it is zero-pollution. But there are also some disadvantages of solar energy, such as its higher cost, little density. But these problems can’t restrict the development. Most developed countries invest lots of money to accelerate the development of solar energy technology. If fossil energy can be totally replaced by solar energy, the global warming problem could be completely solved. Although it has a long way to go, the engineers believe that it will come to be .
It is not surprising that electricity from hydropower and wind power is thought to be demanded in these areas. They have already been used for a long time. And it is clean. But it is expensive to built hydropower stations, and the effects of the environment for hydropower projects are still being discussed. However, there are much more opposite voices for the use of nuclear power. The safety of nuclear power is also a big problem. The harm of nuclear pollution is more serious than global warming. So with the engineers’ view, it needs carefulness to development nuclear power.
Thirdly, in vehicle engineering, most of the engineers agree to improve the design of vehicles for using fuel in the more efficient way. They have many suggestions. For example:
1/ Using new materials in body and other components production (carbon-fibre or other composite materials, and also lighter metal alloys) which reduce mass can improve the efficiency of using fuel;
2/ Using streamline shape, using sophisticated body design and reduced frontal areas, aimed at reducing the friction with the air in order to decrease vehicle’s drag coefficient;
3/ Using high-pressure, low-rolling resistance tires;
4/ Redesigning the engine, bumpers and other components to reduce weight and the friction loss;
5/ Using electric control systems to make every part work together.
However, there are more controversies in using new fuel. In this survey, it is surprising that engineers didn’t have much passion on biochemical oil and fuel cell which are thought to be strongly demanded in other surveys. One engineer presented the reason was that biochemical oil and fuel cell are just transitions. They also produce greenhouse gases and the use of them is just to reduce global warming, not solve the problem completely. Hydrogen is considered as the ideal fuel in the future though there are some technical bottlenecks to be solved. And the combining of fuel cell and hydrogen could be perfect for vehicles in the future. Therefore, scientists and engineers should find appropriate ways to get lots of hydrogen in economical ways.
Fourthly, Transport control and Management Systems can contribute a lot for the reducing of global warming. It could advise the drivers to choose a driving route and guide them the driving without stopping. With this system, tons of fuel could be saved because the driver would not wait in traffic jams and waste their fuel. Especially in large cities, the efficient traffic systems are greatly demanded.
Finally, forest technology is demanded to decrease the mass of such gas which already existed in the atmosphere. With bioengineering, we can change the genes of trees, which could grow more easily in heavy polluted districts and absorb greenhouse gases. One engineer said that although planting tree is not the most efficient way, it can benefit a lot besides reducing global warming.
CONCLUSION
The findings of this study suggest that, global warming is a problem that affects people’s daily lives and great changes and demands in technologies need to be taken place. The government should take the most responsibility to solve global warming and set up laws or rules to restrict the emission of greenhouse gases.
It is said that, in technical ways, it is more efficient to control the emission of greenhouse gases than reduce the mass of such gas which already existed in the atmosphere. So the technologies which can reduce the emission of greenhouse gases should be greatly demanded to reduce global warming.
In details, Air Pollution Control (Eliminate Contamination) is considered the most efficient way to reduce global warming. It should be taken much more attentions in this research. Solar energy is the most focused energy now. The government should attach importance to its development. In vehicle engineering, exhaust control is the same important as advancing the design of vehicles by the results of global warming. Hydrogen will be the perfect fuel for vehicles in the future. Great strength should be taken in this field. Transport control and management systems and forest technology are also important. It is said that avoiding the problem before it comes is more important than solving the problem after it has happened. So the development of technologies should focus on how to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases in its “headstream”.
There are some limitations of this research:
1 The subjects can’t represent the majority the engineers’ attitudes. The sample is limited;
2 The questions are too general to get specific ideas;
3 The research is about technology development all over the world. However, because different countries have different situations, the results may be useless to some parts of the world.
The following are some recommended research studies which might shed more light on the development of technologies to reduce global warming:
1 The subject can be more wide. It needs more engineers or even scientists to answer the questionnaire. It is better that the engineers come from all over the world of vast occupations.
2 The questions can be more specific, and get the reasons to their answers.
3 The survey can be taken in a single country. Results from the specific survey could be more useful.
Word count: 3529
REFERRENCES
Ainsley Jolley, 2004, ‘New Technologies, Industry Developments and Emission Trends in Key Sectors: The Land Transportation Sector’, viewed November 22, 2007 http://www.cfses.com/documents/climate/01_Jolley_Land_Transportation_Sector.PDF.
BBC, a, Global Warming, ‘Wind power’, viewed November 22, 2007
http://news.bbc.co.uk/cbbcnews/hi/find_out/guides/world/global_warming/newsid_2794000/2794663.stm.
BBC, b, Global Warming, ‘Water power (hydro electricity)’, viewed November 22,2007
http://news.bbc.co.uk/cbbcnews/hi/find_out/guides/world/global_warming/newsid_2794000/2794961.stm.
B. Bretschneider J. Kurfürst, 1987, ‘Air Pollution Control Technology’, ISBN:0-444-98985-4.
IEA, 2002-2005, District Heating and Cooling, ‘A Comparison of distributed CHP/DH with large-scale CHP/DH’, viewed November 22, 2007
http://www.iea-dhc.org/010601.html.
IEEE power engineering society energy development and power generation committee, IEEE 2003 General Meeting, Toronto, Canada, ‘Developments in technology to limit greenhouse gas emission in Europe# extended full length papers’, 13-17 July 2003.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 05-02-2007, ‘Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.’
Katharina Kroger, Malcolm Fergusson and Ian Skinner, 2003, ‘Critical Issues in Decarbonising Transport: The Role of Technologies’, viewed November 22, 2007, http://www.tyndall.ac.uk/publications/working_papers/wp36.pdf.
Madsen T, Gorke T and Sargent T, August 2005, ‘Energy Efficiency: The Smart Way to Reduce Global Warming Pollution in the Northeast’, P5-P7, viewed November 27, 2007, http://www.massclimateaction.org/RGGI/PIRGEnergyEfficiency0805.pdf.
Ouje-Bougoumou, 1996, ‘District Heating System’, viewed November 22, 2007
http://www.ouje.ca/content/our-story/energy.php.
Overseas Environment Cooperation Center, March 1998, ‘Air pollution Control Technology Manual’, P145, viewed November 27, 2007, http://www.env.go.jp/earth/coop/coop/materials/01-apctme/contents.html.
Physics Forums, 2007, viewed November 22, 2007, ‘Wouldn't growing trees solve Global Warming?’
http://www.physicsforums.com/showthread.php?t=173209&page=2.
Wikipedia, a, ‘Global warming’, viewed November 22, 2007
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warming.
Wikipedia, b, ‘Green energy’, viewed November 27, 2007, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_energy.
Wikipedia, c, ‘Wind power’, viewed November 22, 2007
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_power.
Wikipedia, d, ‘Nuclear power’, viewed November 22, 2007, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_power.
Wikipedia, e, ‘Solar energy’, viewed November 22, 2007,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_energy.
APPENDIX
Questionnaire
The demand of technology to reduce global warming
For our course at Brunel international, we are conducting a survey on that “How is the demand to reduce global warming influencing current developments in technology or engineering?” The questionnaire should take less than 5 min to complete. Your answer is important for the survey. Thank you for your help!
1/ What’s your occupation?
2/ Do you think global warming will affect your daily life?
A Yes, I think it will. □
B No, it won’t. □
C I don’t know □
3/ If you say yes, what kind of effect do you think it affects your life? (If you say no, go to QUESTION 4)
A The temperature rises and I will feel uncomfortable; □
B The climate changes □
C The price of products (such as vehicles) will increase because there are more technologies in them by the results of global warming. □
D Others
4/ Who do you think should do more to solve the problem of global warming?
A Engineers and scientists □
B The public □
C Governments □
D Organizations □
E Others
5/ In the following statement, there are some technologies in our daily lives today. Each of them could reduce the emission of greenhouse gases directly or indirectly and lower the global warming problem. Please tick which one do you think is of “great demand”, “demand” or “not of demand” to reduce global warming in current development of technology and engineering. (If you tick “Great Demand” or “Not Demand”, please give the reason:)
Technologies Great demand Demand Not demand
A District Heating & Combine Heat and power □ □ □
B Electricity from wind power □ □ □
C Electricity from hydropower (water power) □ □ □
D Nuclear power □ □ □
E Solar energy □ □ □
F Eliminate contamination □ □ □
G Advance the design of vehicles to use fuel in □ □ □
more efficient ways
H Hybrid vehicle □ □ □
I Exhaust control of vehicle □ □ □
J Hydrogen as a new fuel of vehicle □ □ □
K Fuel cell as a new fuel of vehicle □ □ □
L Biochemical oil as a new fuel of vehicle □ □ □
M Transport control and management systems □ □ □
N Plant trees with bioengineering, □ □ □
which absorb greenhouse gas and easy grow easily
Thank you very much!
Thursday, 6 December 2007
HCCI
HCCI（Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition）均质混合气压燃烧技术：HCCI发动机和传统的汽油发动机一样，都是向汽缸里面注入比例非常均匀的空气和燃料混合气。传统的汽油发动机通过火花塞打火，点燃空气和燃料混合气产生能量。但HCCI发动机则不同，它的点火过程同柴油发动机相类似，通过活塞压缩混合气使之温度升高至一定程度时自行燃烧。
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HCCI
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HCCI
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